DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY CLATER CONDELL OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY LESLIE STEPHEN VOL. XI. CLATER CONDELL MACMILLAN AND CO. LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1887 v. \\ LIST OF WEITEES IN THE ELEVENTH VOLUME. 0. A E. H.-A. . . A. J. A. . . T. A. A. . . W.E.A.A. G. F. R. B. KB.... W. B. . . . G. T. B. . . A. C. B. . . J. T. B. . . W. G. B. . G. C. B. . . G. S. B. . . H. B E. H. B. . . A. A. B. . . H. M. C. . J. W. C. . . A.M. C. . G. E. C. . . E. C. . . . W. C. ... T. C W. P. C. . G. W. C. . OSMUND AIRY. EDWARD HERON-ALLEN. SIR A. J. ARBUTHNOT, K.C.S.I. T. A. ARCHER. W. E. A. AXON. G. F. RUSSELL BARKER. THE REV. RONALD BAYNE. THE REV. WILLIAM BENHAM, B.D. G. T. BETTANY. A. C. BICKLBY. J. T. BLACK. THE REV. PROFESSOR BLAIK.IE, D.D. G. C. BOASE. G. S. BOULGEH. HENRY BRADLEY. R. H. BRODIE. A. A. BRODRIBB. H. MANNERS CHICHESTER. J. W. CLARK. Miss A. M. CLERKE. G. E. COKAYNE, F.S.A. Miss EDITH COLERIDGE. WILKIE COLLINS. THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A. W. P. COURTNEY. THE RIGHT REV. SIR G. W. Cox, BART. CHARLES CHEIGHTON, M.D. M. C L. C. . . A. D J. W. E. F. E L. F C. H. F. . . R. G J. W.-G. . . G. G A. G R. E. G. . . J. A. H. . . T. F. H. . . J. H R. H-T. . . W. H. . . . C. K J. K J. K. L. . . S. L. L. .. H. R. L. . . G. P. M. . . . M. J. A. F. M. T. M. . . N. M. . . THE REV. PROFESSOR CKEIGHTON. . LIONEL GUST. . AUSTIN DOBSON. THE REV. J. W. EBSWOHTH, F.S.A. FRANCIS ESPINASSE. Louis FAGAN. C. H. FIRTH. RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D. J. WESTBY-GIBSON, LL.D. GORDON GOODWIN. THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON. R. E. GRAVES. J. A. HAMILTON. T. F. HENDERSON. Miss JENNETT HUMPHREYS. ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S. THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT. CHARLES KENT. JOSEPH KNIGHT. PROFESSOR J. K. LAUGHTON. S. L. LEE. THE REV. H. R. LUARD, D.D. G. P. MACDONELL. J2.YKAS MACKAY, LL.D. J. A. FULLER MAITLAND. SIR THEODORE MARTIN, K.C.B. NORMAN MOORE, M.D. VI List of Writers. .T. M-Y. . . JOHN MOELEY, M.P. T. O THE KEV. THOMAS OLDEN. J. F. P. . . J. F. PAYNE, M.D. K. L. P. . . R. L. POOLE. S. L.-P. . . STANLEY LANE-POOLE. J. M. R. . . J. M. RIGG. J. M. S. . . J. M. Scorr. E. S. S. . . E. S. SHUCKBUHGH. E. S EDWARD SMITH. W. B. S. . . W. BARCLAY SQUIRE. L. S LESLIE STEPHEN. H. M. S. . . H. M. STEPHENS. C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON. H. R. T. . . H. R. TEDDER. T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. Tour. E. V THE REV. CANON VENABLBS. A. V. ... ALSAOER VIAN. G. F. W. . G. F. WARNER. M. G. W. . THE RET. M. G. WATKINS. F. W-T. . . FRANCIS WATT. C. W-H. . CHARLES WELSH. W. W. . . WARWICK WROTH. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Clater Clater CLATER, FRANCIS (1756-1823), far- rier, wrote the popular works ' Every Man his own Cattle Doctor ' (1810) and ' Every Man his own Farrier.' In the preface to the last- named work, which was published at Newark in 1783, when the writer was twenty-six, Clater describes himself as ' farrier, late of Newark,' and states that he served a regular apprenticeship and one year as journeyman to 'the late W. Frost, farrier, of Notting- ham, and being his nephew, succeeded to all the secrets of his profession.' The work was published at the desire of the numerous gentlemen and farmers who were Clater's employers, and appears to have roused the hostility of farriers generally. The writer insists chiefly on careful diagnosis of indivi- dual cases, and the use of pure drugs. Clater afterwards resided for many years at East Retford, where he practised as a chemist and druggist, as well as a cattle doctor, and, ac- cording to the inscription on a small me- morial tablet set up in the methodist chapel in Newgate Street in that town, was much respected, and there died, on 29 May 1823, in the sixty-seventh year of his age (PiERCE, Hist, of East Retford, 1828). The publica- tion of the above-mentioned works marked a stage in veterinary progress, and their last- ing popularity may be judged from the fact that, at the hands of the writer's son, John Clater, and subsequent editors, the former went through over twelve, and the latter over thirty editions. In the later ones as the edition of ' Every Man his own Farrier ' by Mayhew, published in 1850, and of the ' Cattle Doctor ' by Armytage, published in 1870 much exploded conjecture has been omitted, and the text almost entirely re- written. [Clater's Works ; Gent. Mag. xciii. (i.) 474, where Clater's age is wrongly given ; Pierce's Hist, of East Ketford.] H. M. C. VOL. XI. CLATER,THOM AS (1789-1867), painter, third son of Francis Clater [q. v.], farrier, of East Retford, Nottinghamshire, and Anne his wife, was baptised on 9 June 1789 at East Retford. He first exhibited in London in 1819 at the British Institution, sending two pictures, ' Children at a Spring ' and ' Puff and Dart, or the Last Shilling a Provincial Game,' and at the Royal Aca- demy, to which he sent ' The Game at Put, or the Cheat detected.' In 1820 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a portrait of his bro- ther John Clater, and in 1823 portraits of Mr. C. Warren and of his father Francis Clater ; the latter picture was subsequently engraved by Lupton. Clater continued to send many pictures to the Royal Academy, British Institution. Suffolk Street Gallery, and all the principal exhibitions in the coun- try every year up to 1863. In 1843 he was elected a fellow of the Society of British Artists. His pictures were popular and of a class that was easily appreciated by the public. They were usually of a quietly humorous cha- racter, scenes from domestic and provincial life, and executed in a manner based on that of the Dutch genre painters. In the Walker Art Gallery at Liverpool there is a picture by him representing ' A Chief of Gipsies dividing Spoil with his Tribe.' Others which attracted attention were ' The Fortune-Teller Dressing for a Masquerade,' 'The Morning Lecture,' ' Christmas in the Country,' ' Sir Roger de Coverley,' ' The Music Lesson,' ' The Smugglers' Cave,' ' Sunday Morning,' ' Preparing for the Portrait,' &c. Clater re- sided for the latter portion of his life in Chelsea. So prolific a painter as he was is always liable to incur difficulties in dispos- ing of his pictures ; Clater was no exception, and as his pictures latterly failed to find pur- chasers, he became involved in pecuniary troubles, and had to be relieved from the Claudet 2 funds of the Royal Academy. He died on 24 Feb. 1867, leaving a family, some of whom also practised painting as a profession. Shortly after his death his widow married Mr. Jona- than Peel. [Redgrave's Diet, of English Artists ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; Library of the Fine Arts, 1831 ; Arnold's Magazine of the Fine Arts; Evans's Cat. of Portraits ; Catalogues of the Royal Academy, British Institution, Suffolk Street, and other exhibitions; Gent. Mag. new ser. iii. 667.] L. C. CLAUDET, ANTOINE FRANQOIS JEAN (1797-1867), photographer, was born at Lyons on 12 Aug. 1797, and, after receiv- ing a good commercial and classical educa- tion, entered at the age of twenty-one the office of his uncle, M. Vital Roux, banker, who a few years afterwards placed him at the glass works of Choisy-le-Roi as director, in conjunction with M. G. Bontemps. Even- tually Claudet came to London, and in 1829 | opened a warehouse at 89 High Holborn for | the sale of French glass, but in 1833 describes himself as the owner of a sheet glass, glass shade, and painted glass warehouse. He j took George Houghton into partnership in > 1837, and the latter for many years con- j tinued to manage the business. In 1833 ' Claudet invented the machine now generally used for cutting cylindrical glass, and for this invention he received the medal of the Society of Arts in 1853. Daguerre's great discoveries were announced in January 1839 ; in the following August, on the purchase of his invention by the French government, the new discovery was published to the world. ! Daguerre secured a patent in England for j his process, and Claudet, becoming possessor of a portion of this patent, commenced about 1840 the practice of daguerreotype portrai- ! ture in the Adelaide Gallery, London, where '> his studio remained for many years. He i zealously devoted himself to photography, perfecting known processes and inventing new ones. He first obtained vastly increased sensitiveness by using chloride of iodine in- stead of iodine alone. In 1847, discussing the properties of solar radiation modified by coloured glass media, he made a bold at- tempt to lay the foundation of a more com- plete theory of the photographic phenomena, and he was rewarded by the publication of his paper in the 'Philosophical Transac- tions' (1847, pp. 253-62), and by his subse- quent election, 2 June 1853, as a fellow of the Royal Society. At this time the collo- dion process had supplanted the method of Daguerre, and Claudet was one of the first to adopt it. He assisted Sir Charles Wheat- stone in the early application of the stereo- Claughton scope to photography. The reports of the British Association during twenty years bear testimony to the ingenuity and origina- lity of his inventions. His dynactinometer, his photographometer, his focimeter, his stereomonoscope, his system of unity of mea- sure for focusing enlargements, his system of photosculpture, and other results of his experimental researches, are familiar to all students of the photographic art . He removed to 107 Regent Street, London, in 1851, and in 1858 was appointed photographer in ordinary to the queen. In his later years he invented ' A self-acting focus equaliser, or the means of producing the differential movement of the two lenses of a photographic optical com- bination which is capable, during the expo- sure, of bringing consecutively all the planes of a solid figure into focus without altering the size of the various images superposed.' After this, and in the same year, he had a correspondence with his collaborator, Sir David Brewster, who held that the most perfect photographic instrument is a single lens of least dispersion, least aberration, and least thickness. Claudet realised these views with a small topaz lens which reached with equal distinctness every plane of the figure. He was the author of upwards of forty papers, communicated from 1841 to 1867 to the Royal and other philosophical societies, and to photographic and philosophical publica- tions in England and France. He received awards of eleven medals, including the council medal of the Great Exhibition of 1851 ; but acting on juries, on other great occasions he was excluded from participation in the prizes. In 1863 he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He died at his residence in Re- gent's Park, London, on 27 Dec. 1867. Only a few weeks after his death, 23 Jan. 1868, his photographic premises in Regent Street were destroyed by fire, when the only negative of Claudet's portrait was entirely consumed. His widow, Julia, died at Brighton on 30 Oct. 1881, aged 80. Claudet was the author of a small brochure entitled ' Du Stereoscope et de ses applica- tions a la Photographic,' Paris, 1853. [Scientific Review, August 1868, pp. 151-4; Proceedings of Royal Soc. of Lond. xvii. pp. Ixxxv- Ixxxvii ; Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1867). i. 939, vii. 397 ; Photographic News, xii. 3, 51, 59, 377, 387.] G. C. B. CLAUGHTON, PIERS CALVERLEY (1814-1884), bishop of Colombo, son of Thomas Claughton (M.P. for Newton, Lan- cashire, 1818-25, who died in 1842), born at Haydock Lodge, Winwick, Lancashire, on 8 Jan. 1814, was educated at Brasenose Clavel Clavell College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. in 1835, and M.A. in 1838. He won the prize for the chancellor's prize essay in 1837, was fellow and tutor of University College from 1837 to 1842, public examiner in 1842 to 1844, and select preacher in 1843 and 1850. He was ordained in 1838, and appointed rector of Elton, Huntingdonshire, in 1845, where he introduced harvest festivals, which have since been so popular. He remained at Elton until 1859, when he was appointed the first bishop of St. Helena. During his tenure of that bishopric he took part at the Cape synod in the condemnation of Bishop Colenso. In 1862 he was translated to the see of Colombo, which he successfully ad- ministered for eight years. On his return to England in 1870 he was appointed arch- deacon of London and canon of St. Paul's, and as practical coadjutor to the Bishop of London he worked indefatigably. On the death of the Rev. G. R. Gleig in 1875 he succeeded to the post of chaplain-general of the forces. In all his offices he showed himself a most kindly, hard-working, and conscientious prelate. He took a leading part in the debates of convocation, as to the im- portance of which body he published a letter addressed to Lord Derby in 1852. His other publications were : ' A Brief Examination of the Thirty-nine Articles,' 1843, 8vo ; 'A Catechism, in six parts, for the Sundays in Lent,' 1847, 12mo ; ' Charges to the Clergy of the Archdeaconry of London,' 1872 to 1878 ; ' Our Missions, a Letter to the Arch- bishop of Canterbury,' 1873, 8vo ; and occa- sional sermons published between 1840 and 1877. He died on 11 Aug. 1884, at 2 North- wick Terrace, Maida Hill, London, and was buried at Elton. A tablet to his memory has been placed in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral. It contains a medallion portrait, and is near the memorial of Sir John Goss. [Guardian, 13 Aug. 1884, p. 1202; Illus- trated London News, 16 Aug. 1884, p. 155 ; Honours Register of Oxford, 1883 ; Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1884 ; Lancashire and Che- shire Historical and Genealogical Notes, iii. 103.] C. W. S. CLAVEL, JOHN (1603-1642), highway- man, was descended from a family in good position, being the nephew and heir-at-law of Sir William Clavel, knight-banneret, whom he admitted he had grossly injured. He took to the highway when he was in great neces- sity, his first robbery being on Gad's Hill. ( Ho wad apprehended in 1697, found guilty and condomnad to doatb. In 1628 he pub- lished ' A Recantation of an ill-led Life ; or a Disco verie of the Highway Law, in verse.' He dates it ' from my lonely chamber in the King's Bench, October 1627.' From the verses it would appear that he owed his pardon to the intercession of the king and queen. The poem was ' approved by the king's most ex- cellent majesty and published by his express command. A second edition appeared in 1628, and a third, with a portrait, in 1634. Clavel died in 1642. [Granger's Biog. History of England, 5th ed. iii. 251-2 ; Caulfield's Portraits and Memoirs, ed. 1813, i. 97-104; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. x. 442-3 ; Black's Cat. Ashm. MSS. ; Evans's Portraits; Hazlitt's Handbook to the Popular, Poetical, and Dramatic Literature of Great Bri- tain, iii ; Hazlitt's Bibliographical Collection and Notes, 2nd series, 128.] T. F. H. CLAVELL, ROBERT (d. 1711), book- seller, of London, was the author of a curious little treatise entitled ' His Majesties Pro- priety and Dominion on the Brittish Seas as- serted : together with a true Account of the Neatherlanders' Insupportable Insolencies, and Injuries they have committed ; and the Inestimable Benefits they have gained in their Fishing on the English Seas : as also their Prodigious and Horrid Cruelties in the East and West Indies, and other Places. To which is added an exact Mapp,' &c., 8vo, London, 1665 (another edition, 8vo, London, 1672). He is better known, however, by his useful classified lists of current literature, the first number of which appeared at the end of Mi- chaelmas term, 1668, the last at the end of Trinity term, 1700. Collective editions are as follows: 1. ' Mercurius Librarius, or a Catalogue of Books printed and published in Michaelmas Term (HillaryTerm, 1668, Easter Term, Michaelmas Term, 1669),' fol. [Lon- don, 1668-9]. Nos. 1-4 were the joint com- pilation of Clavell and John Starkey, a fellow- bookseller. 2. ' The General Catalogue of Books printed in England since the dreadful Fire of London, 1666, to the end of Trinity Term, 1674. Collected by R. Clavell,' fol. London, 1675. 3. ' The General Catalogue of Books printed . . . since . . . 1666, to ... 1680 ... To which is added, a Catalogue of Latin Books, printed in foreign parts, and in England since 1670,' fol. London, 1680 [-81]. 4. ' A Catalogue of Books printed in Eng- land . . . since . . . 1666, to the end of Mi- chaelmas Term, 1695. With an Abstract of the general Bills of Mortality since 1660,' fourth edition, fol. London, 1696. 5. 'A Catalogue of Books printed and published at London in Easter Term, 1670, to Trinity Term, 1700,' fol. [London, 1670-1700]. Dun- ton describes Clavell as ' a great dealer, who has deservedly gained himself the reputation of a just man. Dr. Barlow, bishop of Lin- coln, used to call him " the honest bookseller." *' He was appre- ded, convicted and sentenced to death on was probably the author of the play entitled 'The Soddered Citizen' which has been ascribed to Shackerley Marmion. This play Claverhouse Clavering He has been master of the Company of Sta- tioners [1698 and 1699]; and perhaps the greatest unhappiness of his life was his being one of Alderman Cornish's jury' (Life and Errors, ed. 1818, i. 207). He died at Isling- ton in 1711 (Probate Act Book, P. C. C., August 1711). His will, as ' citizen and sta- tioner of London,' dated 17 April 1711, was proved on the following 8 Aug. by Catherine Clavell, his widow (Reg. in P. C. C. 161, Young). Mrs. Clavell survived her husband until the close of 1717, dying in the parish of St. Margaret, Westminster (Will reg. in P. C. C. 227, Whitfield ; Probate Act Book, P. C. C. December 1717). [Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 608 n. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] G. G. CLAVERHOUSE, JOHN GRAHAM OF. [See GRAHAM, JOHN, VISCOTTNT DUN- DEE.] CLAVERING, SIB JOHN (1722-1777), opponent of Warren Hastings, was the third son of Sir James Clavering of Greencroft in Lanchester, Durham, a member of the old northern family of Clavering of Axwell. Clavering was baptised on 31 Aug. 1722 at Lanchester. ' In early life he began his military career in the Coldstream regiment of guards' (family papers). In 17f>9 General Barrington was sent to take the French island of Guadeloupe. Clavering, with the rank of brigadier-general, commanded under him. He led the British force in person, and was mainly instrumental in securing the conquest of the island, which surrendered after an eight days' attack. ' Clavering,' wrote Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann, ' is the real hero of Guadeloupe.' On 16 June 1759 Clavering was appointed ' to be one of his majesty's aides-de-camp, to command and take rank as colonel of foot,' and in June 1760 he was sent 'to Hesse Cassel, to watch the motions of the landgrave of Hesse.' While engaged in this mission he wrote a number of letters to A. Mitchell, giving an account of part of the military operations during the seven years' war. These letters, together with other correspon- dence of his noticed below, throw some light not only on the conflict itself, but on British diplomacy of the period. In 1762 Clavering was appointed colonel of the 52nd regiment of foot, in June 1763 was^recalled (Mitchell Papers, Letter 102), in 1770 was made lieutenant-general, and in 1776 a knight of the Bath. In 1773 the ' Regulating Act,' for the better government of India, was passed. Warren Hastings was appointed governor-general of Bengal, and four persons were named in the act to constitute, along with him, a council. Cla- vering was one of these. He was to com- mand the Bengal army, to be next in rank ta Hastings, and as councillor to draw a salary of 10,000/. The new councillors reached Ben- gal in October 1774, and a bitter strife im- mediately began between Clavering, Francis, and Monson on the one part, and Hastings,, supported by Barwell, on the other. The story of that conflict, in which Hastings, at first outnumbered and regularly outvoted, I was at last completely victorious, is told under I his life. Clavering conducted the struggle i with more violence than discretion, fought a bloodlesss duel with Barwell, and very nearly fought Hastings. He strongly sup- ported Nuncomar in the charges he brought against the governor-general ; but after Nun- comar's trial and conviction he ' peremptorily refused ... to make any application in favour j of a man who had been found guilty of for- gery ' (STEPHEN, i. 233), and this he repeated again at the council-board (ib. ii. 92). Thi seems to dispose of the rumour mentioned by Macaulay, that Clavering had sworn that ' even at the foot of the gallows Nuncomar should be rescued.' In September 1776 Monson died. This reduced the council to four, and Hastings, owing to his casting vote, was now supreme. He had, however, given authority to Maclean, his agent in London, to present his resignation if he thought fit. Maclean considered it necessary to do so, and the resignation was at once accepted. In June 1777 intelligence of this reached Ben- gal. Clavering, who had been directed to act as governor-general till the successor to Has- tings should arrive, at once proceeded, in a ! violent manner, to take possession of the su- preme power. He was met by the refusal of Hastings to acknowledge the validity of the resignation presented in his name. Has- tings also declared that Clavering, having attempted to seize the governor-generalship, had by so doing vacated his seat at the council-board. The matter was finally re- ferred to the judges of the supreme court, who held that Hastings was still governor- ! general, and Clavering still a member of council. Clavering took this disappointment much I to heart. He soon after fell ill, and died, : ' from the effects of climate,' on 30 (or, ac- ; cording to Impey's letters, 29) Aug. 1777. | According to the ' Mahommedan chronicler T (viz. Syud Gholam Hussein Khan ; see STEPHEN, i. 261 et seq.), quoted by Mac- ! aulay, Clavering's death was partly due to his j enforced attendance at the marriage of Has- tings ; but he seems to have been attacked by j his fatal illness when returning from a visit Clavering to Sir Elijah Impey (Impey to Bat hurst, IMPEY'S Memoirs, p. 166). Burke affirmed (Impeachment, ii. 68) that Clavering was the equal of Hastings ' in eveiy respect,' but in truth he was no match for him. He was an honest, straightforward man, of passionate disposition and mediocre abilities. Clavering married, first, Lady Diana West, daughter of the first Earl Delaware, and had issue two sons and three daughters; secondly, Katherine, daughter of John Yorke of Be- werley Hall, Yorkshire. [Information from Sir H. A. Clavering, bart., of Axwell ; Surtees's Hist, of Durham, ii. 249. The story of the quarrel with Hastings is given most brilliantly in Macaulay's well-known essay on Hastings, but "with much greater care and accuracy, and with full examination of the ori- ginal authorities, in Sir J. F. Stephen's Nuncomar and Impey (1885). The totally erroneous date of Clavering'sdeath, given in the Annual Register for 1778 as 10 April of that year, is probably the date when the news reached England. Notices of Clavering will be found in the speeches in the trial of Hastings, edited by Bond (1859-61), Gleig's Life of Hastings, Impey's Memoirs, and H. E. Busteed's Echoes from Old Calcutta (Cal- cutta, 1882). The manuscripts in the British Museum regarding Clavering are the Mitchell Papers, Add. MS. 6840, Add. MSS. 5726 C. f. 116, 6821 f. 40, 12565, 12578, 16265,16267 f. 5, 29113, Eg. MS. 1722 f. 109.] F. W-T. CLAVERING, EGBERT (1671-1747), bishop of Peterborough, son of William Cla- vering of Tillmouth, Durham, was born in 1671. He was admitted of Lincoln College, Oxford, on 26 June 1693, at the age of twenty- one, .having graduated previously at Edin- burgh, and after a residence of three years was permitted to proceed M.A. as a member of that house on 20 May 1696 (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. vi. 589). In 1701 he was fellow and tutor of University College. In July 1714 he was preferred to the deanery and rectory of Booking, Essex, which he re- signed on 27 July 1719 for the well-endowed rectory of Marsh Gibbon, Buckinghamshire. Meanwhile he had accumulated his degrees in divinity, proceeding D.D. on 2 March 1715 as a member of Christ Church, and having been elected regius professor of Hebrew on 20 May of that year in place of Roger Altham, resigned, was made prebendary of the sixth stall in the cathedral on the following 2 June. On 2 Jan. 1725 he was promoted to the bi- shopric of Llandaff and deanery of Hereford, two posts which at that time always went together, where he continued until his trans- lation to Peterborough in February 1729. He obtained permission to hold his professor- Claxton ship, prebendal stall, and rectory with his bishopric. Clavering died on 21 "July 1747. By his wife Mary, second daughter of John Cook, a Spanish merchant, of Fawley Court, Buckinghamshire, he had a son and four daughters. Besides two episcopal charges and three sermons, he published : ' R. Mosis Maimonidis Tractatus duo : 1. De doctrina Legis, sive educatione puerorum. 2. De na- tura & ratione Pcenitentise apud Hebraeos [being the third and fifth chapters of the first book of the Yad hachazakah]. Latine red- didit notisque illustravit R. Clavering. . . . Prsemittitur dissertatio de Maimonide ejusque operibus,' Oxford, 1705, 4to. The ' Disser- tatio ' was reprinted by Blasius Ugolinus in I vol. viii. of his ' Thesaurus Antiquitatum.' J Clavering's portrait, by Thomas Gibson, was engraved by Jean Simon. [Noble's Continuation of Granger, iii. 91 ; Eaine's North Durham, p. 325 ; Morant's Essex, ii. 389 ; Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, iii. 54-5 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy) ; Marshall's Genealo- ' gist, iii. 76.] G. G. CLAXTON or CLARKSON, LAU- RENCE (1615-1667), sectary, was born at Preston, Lancashire, in 1615. He was brought up in the faith of the church of England. In an age of puritanism his conscience was afflicted, among other things, with the ' to- leration of maypoles, dancing, and rioting,' with which the Lord's day was profaned in Lancashire. He started on a strange pil- grimage through various sects, beginning, as a layman, with the presbyterians, with whose system he quarrelled after a time. He then made a brief trial of the independents, joined the antinomians, became a preacher among j them, and in his own opinion was ' not in- j ferior to any priest in those days.' After | this time he held for six months a ' benefice ' of the value of about 50/. per annum. The name of the place at which he was ' parish priest' is called by him Pulom. There is little doubt that Pulham Market in Norfolk is meant, although his name does not occur in the registers. In the course of a rambling life which he afterwards led he became a dipper or anabaptist (immersed 6 Nov. 1644, exercised his ministry till 24 Jan. 1645), I and his practices brought upon him a pro- ! secution, when he was cast into prison at Bury St. Edmunds. He was released from confinement 15 July 1645, having procured his liberty by formally renouncing the prac- tice of dipping. He is found shortly after among the seekers, and we have the first of his tracts, entitled 'The Pilgrimage of Saints by Church cast out, in Christ found, seeking Truth' (Lond. 1646, 4to). Edwards (Gan- Claxton Claxton yrcena) states that as a seeker Claxton preached one Sunday at Bow Church before a large and distinguished congregation. He was appointed minister of Sandridge in Hert- fordshire, where he ' continued not a year.' To this date belongs another tract, ' Truth released from Prison to its former Libertie ; or a True Discovery who are the Troublers of True Israel ; the Disturbers of England's Peace' (London, 1646, 8vo, pp. 26). It is dedicated to the ' mayor, aldermen, and in- habitants of Preston.' Soon after this he wrote a tract against the parliament, called ' A General Charge or Impeachment of High Treason, in the name of Justice Equity, against the Communality of England' (1647, 4to). He was presented to a small parish in Lincolnshire, but soon grew weary of it. On 19 Dec. 1648, according to a record in the manuscript minutes of the Fourth London Classis (now in Dr. Williams's library), ' Mr. Laurence Claxton presented himselfe, brought certeine papers as testimonials wch the presbyterie returned, as not satisfactorie.' After the rejection of these overtures he be- came a ranter. His extravagant and ex- tremely licentious conduct brought again upon him the displeasure of the authori- ties. For publishing' an impious and blas- phemous ' tract called ' A Single Eye all Light no Darkness, or Light and Darkness One ' (1650, 4to, pp. 16), he was condemned by the House of Commons to be sent to prison for one month, and from that time ' to be banished out of the commonwealth and the territories thereof, and not to return upon pain of death.' The book itself was burned by the common hangman. Somehow its author escaped the penalty of banishment, and for a while he travelled about as a pro- fessor of astrology and physic, and even aspired to the art of magic. He states that he was afterwards 'beneficed' at Terrington St. John parish in Marshland, Norfolk, and was 'by all the town received 'at Snettisham in the same county. In 1658 he came to London from the eastern counties and made the acquaintance of John Reeve and Ludo- wick Muggleton, to whose doctrines he be- came a convert. On the death of Reeve about the latter end of July 1658 he applied for and obtained ' leave to write in the vindica- tion and justification of this commission of the spirit.' The treatises he wrote are en- titled: 1. 'The Right Devil discovered, in his Descent, Form, Education, Qualification, Place and Nature of Torment,' 1659, small 8vo. Muggleton in enumerating Claxton's books states that the first he wrote (as aMug- gletonian) was styled ' Look about you, for the Devil that you fear is in you,' but this may have been the title of the above work while yet in manuscript. It is, however, given by Claxton himself in ' Lost Sheep found , r p. 33. 2. ' The Quakers Downfal, with all other Dispensations, their inside turn'd out- ward,' 1659, 4to. On the title-page of this work he styled himself ' the alone, true, and faithful messenger of Christ Jesus, the Lord of Glory.' It was answered by John Har- wood, a quaker, in a tract entitled ' The Lying Prophet discovered and reproved,' 1659, 4to. 3. ' A Paradisical Dialogue be- twixt Faith and Reason : disputing the high mysterious Secrets of Eternity, the like never extant in our Revelation,' 1660, 4to. 4. 'Wonder of Wonders,' 1660. 5. 'The Lost Sheep found, or the Prodigal returned to his Father's House, after many a sad and weary journey through many religious coun- treys,' 1660, 4to, pp. 64. The last work, which is really an autobiography, was used by Scott in ' Woodstock ; ' the author's weak- nesses are displayed in it with extraordinary frankness. ' He had grown so proud as to say that nobody could write in the vindica- tion of the commission, now John Reeve was dead, but he.' Muggleton was highly offended at the work, and at once discountenanced the author. Before this time there had, however,, been a difference between them on another business. For twelve months (till 1661) he sought in vain for followers, but finding- Muggleton's power too strong for him he humbled himself to the prophet and acknow- ledged his fault. Thereupon he was taken- again into favour, but undertook not to write any more. His subsequent conduct seems to have been exemplary, as he gained credit from Muggleton as a faithful disciple. His later publications contain much practical moral teaching, especially against uncleanness, as is characteristic of Muggletonian writings. He is supposed to have been twice married, first to the daughter of R. Marchant, by whom he had five children. He probably got his living while in London by trading. At an earlier date, according to Edwards, he was a tailor. His last speculation was disastrous. After the fire of London he undertook to obtain money at interest to help sufferers to rebuild their houses, but he was left in the lurch by some persons who had procured 100Z. through him, and for this debt he was put in Ludgate gaol, where after lingering a year he died in 1667. The name is written Clarkson in his earlier tracts and Claxton in the later ones. It was no doubt originally Clarkson. In that form the name is still common about Preston, where it is pronounced Clackson. [Claxton's Lost Sheep found ; Edwards's Gan- grsena, 3rd edit, part i. 15, 19 (second pagination), Claxton ; 103, ii. 6, '23, 29, 42, 136; Commons' Journals, vi. 427, 444, 475-6; Hart's Index Expurgatorius Anglicanus, 1872, p. 166; Sir W. Scott's Prose Works, xviii. 85-9 ; the same article in Quart. Eev. xliii. 475-8 ; Kev. Alex. Gordon in Proc. Liverpool Literary and Phil. Soc., 1869-70, xxiv. 199-201 ; additional information and suggestions given by Mr. Gordon privately ; Notes and Queries, 4th series, xi. 278, 350, 487, xii. 17 ; Jos. Smith's Biblioth. Anti-Quakeriana, pp. 124-6 ; Muggle- ton's Acts of the Witnesses of the Spirit (as quoted by A. Gordon, ubi supra, and in Notes and Queries).] C. W. S. CLAXTON, MARSHALL (1813-1881), painter, born at Bolton in Lancashire on 12 May 1813, was the son of the Rev. Mar- shall Claxton, a Wesleyan minister. He was a pupil of John Jackson, R.A., and also a student of the Royal Academy, entering that school in January 1831. In 1832 he exhi- bited his first picture at the Royal Academy, a portrait of his father, and in 1833 his first subject picture, ' The Evening Star,' in the same year also exhibiting his first picture at the Gallery of the Society of British Artists. In 1834 he exhibited his first picture at the British Institution, and obtained the first medal in the painting school at the Royal Academy. In 1835 he was awarded the gold medal of the Society of Arts for a portrait of Sir Astley Cooper, and he also gained a silver medal from the same society. In 1837 he went to Rome, and remained some con- siderable time in Italy. In 1843 he competed in the Cartoon Exhibition at Westminster Hall, and obtained one of the additional prizes of 100J. for his cartoon of ' Alfred in the Camp of the Danes,' which is now the property of the Literary and Scientific In- stitute at Greenwich. In 1844 he again took part in the competition at "Westminster Hall with two frescoes of the ' Death of Abel ' and the ' Building of Oxford University,' and again in 1847 with a large oil painting of the ' Death of Sir John Moore at Corunna.' The success of his ' Alfred in the Camp of the Danes ' excited his ambition, and gained him considerable success. His activity and power of production, however, exceeded the demand for his works, and in 1850, having a number of pictures undisposed of, he conceived a new, and in those days original, plan. With about two hundred pictures by himself and others Claxton started for Australia, with the in- tention of founding, if possible, a school of art at the antipodes and disposing of some of his pictures. On his arrival he exhibited gratis the works he had brought with him, this being the first exhibition of works of art in Australia. He met with but little re- ward for his enterprise, and transferred him- Clay self and his pictures to India, where he dis- posed of most of the latter. He also visited Egypt, and about 1858 returned to England with a portfolio full of reminiscences of his travels. While in Australia Claxton was commissioned by MissBurdett-Couttsto paint there a large picture of ' Christ blessing the Little Children,' which is now in the school- room of the church of St. Stephen's, West- minster, and has been engraved by Samuel Bellin. This was the first historical picture painted at the antipodes. The same lady also commissioned several other works, among them ' Spenser reading the Faerie Queene to his Wife and Sir Walter Raleigh ' (engraved by E. Webb for the Art Union of London, 1847), the ' Mother of Moses,' the 'Free Seat,' the ' Grandmother.' Claxton also received commissions from the queen, for whom he painted ' General View of the Harbour and City of Sydney, Australia,' and ' Portrait of the last Queen of the Aborigines.' He ex- hibited numerous works at the Royal Aca- demy and elsewhere, among which were ' John Wesley, being refused the use of the Church, preaches to the people from his Father's Grave,' the ' Deathbed of John Wes- ley,' ' Sir Joshua Reynolds and his Friends,' the ' Last Interview between Dr. Johnson and Sir Joshua Reynolds,' 'High Church,Low Church, and No Church ' (a picture in three compart- ments), ' Christ at the Tomb of Lazarus,' ' The Jews mourning over Jerusalem,' and other scriptural works, besides portraits and scenes from domestic life. To the Inter- national Exhibition of 1862 he sent his pic- ture of the ' Sepulchre ' (engraved by S. Smith), which he afterwards presented to the South Kensington Museum, and which is by some thought to be his best work. Claxton was an ambitious and industrious painter, but lacked the strength requisite to rise to a high position in his art. He died at 155 Carlton Road, Maida Vale, on 28 July 1881, after a long illness, aged 70 (according to the Times obituary). In 1837 he married Sophia, daughter of T. Hargrave, J.P., of Black- heath, by whom he was the father of two daughters, who have attained some repute as artists. [Times, 4 Aug. 1881 ; Athenaeum, 13 Aug. 1881 ; Ottley's Dictionary of Recent and Living Painters ; Our Living Painters ; Graves's Dic- tionary of Artists, 1760-1880 ; Catalogues of the Royal Academy, National Art Gallery, South Kensington, &c. ; private information.] L. C. CLAY, ALFRED BORRON (1831-1868), painter, born 3 June 1831 at Walton, near Preston, Lancashire, was the second son of the Rev. John Clay [q. v.], the well-known Clay Clay chaplain of Preston gaol, and Henrietta Fielding, his wife. He was educated at the Preston grammar school, but also received instruction from his father, who added to his other merits that of being an accomplished artist. Clay was intended for the legal pro- fession, and was articled to a solicitor at Preston, but having great love of art decided on quitting his profession and becoming a painter. A portrait of his mother removing , the doubts of his parents as to the advis- ability of this step, he went to Liverpool to : study in 1852, and later in the same year became a student of the Royal Academy in London. In 1854 he exhibited for the first j time, sending to the British Institution 1 Finishing Bleak House,' and to the Royal Academy ' Nora Creina' and ' Margaret Ram- say ; ' in 1855 he sent to the Royal Academy a portrait of his father, and continued to contribute to the same exhibition regularly up to the time of his death. The chief pic- tures painted by him were ' The Imprison- ment of Mary Queen of Scots at Lochleven Castle,' exhibited in 1861 ; < Charles IX and the French Court at the Massacre of St. Bar- tholomew,' exhibited in 1865 ; and ' The Return to Whitehall, 29 May 1660,' exhibited in 1867, and now in the Walker Gallery at Liverpool. This was his last work of im- portance, as his health failed about this time, and he died at Rainhill, near Liverpool, on 1 Oct. 1868, aged 37, just at the commence- ment of a very promising career. On 9 April 1856 he married Elizabeth Jane Fayrer, who survived him, and by whom he left a family. [Kedgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; Memoir of the Eev. John Clay ; Catalogues of the Koyal Academy, &c. ; private information.] L. C. CLAY, JAMES (1805-1873), writer on whist, was born in London in 1805. His father, a merchant in the citv of London, was brother of Sir William Clay, M.P. for the Tower Hamlets [q. v.] Clay was educated at Winchester. In 1830, in company with Benjamin Disraeli,who maintained to the end a close friendship with him, he travelled in the East. In 1837 he contested Beverley, and in 1841 Hull, unsuccessfully. In 1847 he was elected as a liberal for Hull, for which borough he sat until his death, which took place in 1873 at Regency Square, Brighton. He married the daughter of General Wool- rych, one of Wellington's generals, and had a family, the best known of whom are Ernest Clay (who had a distinguished diplomatic career, and on his marriage with the daugh- ter of Mr. Ker Seymer, formerly member for Worcestershire, took after his own name that of Ker Seymer), Frederick Clay, the mu- sician, and Cecil Clay, well known in literary and artistic circles. Clay was chiefly emi- nent as a whist-player. ' A Treatise on the Game of Whist, by J. C.,' affixed to J. L. Baldwin's ' Laws of Short Whist ' (London, 1864), has gone through many editions, and retains its authority in this country and in America. Some refinements which have come in, such as the lead from the penulti- mate and the discard from a strong suit when the adversaries show strength in trumps, se- cured his adhesion, and have been added to later editions by the author's sons. In the ' Correspondence of Lord Beaconsfield ' are many friendly references to Clay. In a letter from Malta, dated 27 Sept. 1830 (Home Let- ters, pp. 58-9), Disraeli speaks of Clay's life of ' splendid adventure,' and, after chronicling his various triumphs, appends the character- istic reflection: 'To govern men you must either excel them in their accomplishments or despise them. Clay does one, I do the other, and we are both equally popular.' [Information privately supplied.] J. K. CLAY, JOHN (1796-1858), prison chap- lain, was the fifth son of Thomas Clay of Liverpool, ship and anchor smith, who died in 1821, by Mary, daughter of Ralph Lowe of Williamson Square, Liverpool, tanner. He was born in Liverpool on 10 May 1796, and after receiving a commercial education ' entered a merchant's office, but the failure of his master left him at the age of twenty-one without employment. He had, however, me- chanical genius, and invented a chair for per- sons suffering with spinal complaints, and an improved bow and arrow which long bore his name. After spending a considerable time in self-education he was ordained as a literate by the Bishop of Chester on 11 Aug. 1821, and obtained a title for orders by acting as assist- ant-chaplain at Preston house of correction. On 22 Sept. 1822 he was ordained a priest, and soon after entered as a ten-years man at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, but did not keep the three terms required until 1834-5, when he took his degree as bachelor of divi- nity. He became chaplain of the gaol in 1823, and held the post for thirty-six years. His one ambition in life was the reformation and reclamation of prisoners, and to this end he incessantly laboured. His experience soon taught him that the indiscriminate mixture of prisoners was the great hindrance to any improvement in their moral condition, and his chief efforts were made in the direction of the silent and separate confinement of criminals. He befriended all who deserved Clay lielp, and communicated with their friends. He stated that in eighteen years he was only once insulted by a prisoner. From 1824 he commenced issuing annual reports, and after a time entered so minutely into the details of prison management that his report became a thick octavo volume and made him an autho- rity on criminal reform. In 1836 his annual reports were reprinted in a parliamentary blue book, and in a debate on education three years afterwards Lord John Russell quoted Clay's description of the ignorance of many of the prisoners. The chaplain in 1847 gave valu- able evidence before Lord Brougham's com- mittee of investigation into the question of the execution of the criminal laws. Lord Harrowby, then chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, offered him, when he was in pecu- niary difficulties, the rectory of Castleford, Yorkshire, but with conscientious ideas about keeping curates there, he declined the gift. Ill-health obliged him to resign his chaplaincy in January 1858. He died at Leamington on 21 Nov. 1858. He married, 1 1 Marchl828, Henrietta, third daughter of Mr. Fielding ; she died at Preston on 28 June 1858. Besides the prison reports already men- tioned he was the author of : 1. 'Twenty- five Sermons,' 1827. 2. < Burial Clubs and Infanticide in England. A Letter to W. Brown, esq., M.P.,' 1854. 3. ' A Plain Ad- dress to Candidates for Confirmation,' 1866. [W. L. Clay's Prison Chaplain, 1861, with portrait.] G. C. B. CLAY, JOHN GRANBY (1766-1846), general, was appointed ensign on 6 Nov. 1782, in a Scotch independent company, com- manded by Captain, afterwards Lieutenant- colonel, James Abercrombie, then stationed in the north of England. He was placed on half-pay when the company was reduced some months later, but exchanged to full pay in the 45th foot in December 1784, and join- ing that regiment in Ireland, accompanied it to the West Indies in 1786. He obtained his lieutenancy on 30 April 1788. In 1794 he served with the 2nd provisional battalion of light infantry in the expedition against Martinique, and highly distinguished himself at St. Pierre on the windward side of the island, where he led the forlorn hope in the attack on Morne du Pin. His party con- sisted of a sergeant and twelve men. With a few of them he gained the summit in rear of the enemy's position just at daybreak. Finding themselves unexpectedly assailed from that quarter, the French precipitately retreated, leaving a brass field-gun in the captors' hands, but not until after the officer in command had been wounded by Clay. > Clay After serving at the sieges of Forts Louis and Bourbon, and at the capture of St. Lucia, Clay returned home and purchased a company in the 105th foot, then raising at Leeds, in which, by priority of army ser- vice, he became senior captain, and in 1795 major, but the regiment being drafted into others soon after, he was placed on half-pay. In 1797-9 he served on the staff as brigade- major to Major-general Cuyler at Brighton, and to Major-general Samuel Hulse at Lewes, and elsewhere in Kent and Sussex, and during the same period was detached for a time with the brigade of guards sent to Ireland in 1798. In 1800 a number of line regiments formed second battalions from the militia, the men being enlisted for two years or the continuance of the war, among them being the 54th, in which Clay was appointed major on 19 May 1800. He accompanied the battalion to Quiberon, Ferrol, and Cadiz, and afterwards to Egypt, where he was present in the actions of 12-13 March 1801, and at the siege of Alexandria, and had his horse killed under him at Marabout on 21 Aug. during General Eyre Coote's opera- tions against the city from the westward. For his services in Egypt he received the in- signia of the Ottoman order of the Crescent, and also the gold medal given by the Porte. His battalion ceasing to exist at the peace, Clay was again placed on half-pay. After the renewal of the war, he was brought into the 3rd Buffs, and sent to London to assist in organising the battalions of the army of reserve in Middlesex, London, and the Tower Hamlets, and in June 1804 was appointed assistant inspector-general of that force, re- turns of which will be found in the 'Annual Register,' 1 804, pp. 567-70. On its dissolution soon after, Clay was appointed to a lieutenant- colonelcy on half-pay of the 24th dragoons,and made inspecting field-officer of the Manchester recruiting district. He was senior military officer there in May 1808, when very serious disturbances broke out among the opera- tives in Manchester and the neighbouring towns, which he succeeded in suppressing in a few days with a very small force, and received the special thanks of General Cham- pagne, commanding the north-west district. Four years later riots again occurred, but a timely example made at Middleton, where the mob attacked the mill and burned the dwelling-house of Mr. Burton, a leading manufacturer, and attempted to fire on the troops, so completely dismayed them, that they ceased to assemble in any large num- bers. On the arrival of three militia regi- ments as reinforcements, Clay was appointed to the command of a brigade at Manchester, Clay Clay 5. ' Speech on moving the Second Reading- of the Church Rate Abolition Bill,' 1856. [Times, 17 March 1869, p. 12 ; Men of the Time, 1868, p. 183 ; Burke's Peerage and Baro- netage for 1869, p. 232.] F. W-T. which he retained until his promotion. Full | Stock Banks,' 2nd edit. 1837, replied to by details of the disturbances of 1808 and 1812 , ' Vindex,' 1836. 3. ' Remarks on the Ex- will be found in A. Prentice's ' Historical pediency of restricting the Issue of Promis- Sketchesof Manchester '(London, 1851). The sory Notes to a Single Issuing Body,' 1844. promptitude with which the disorder was ar- 4. ' Remarks on the Water Supply of Lon- rested, and the absence of any charges against don,' 2nd edit. 1849, replied to by T. Coates, the military in the accounts, even of those in ' Statement of the Plan of supplying most disposed to side with the operatives, London with Water, proposed in the " Me- suggest that Clay displayed a firmness and tropolitan Waterworks Bill," ' &c. 1850. discretion fully entitling him to the recogni- K ' K-nwr.li nn m^nn- +lio So^nnrl "RparUno- tion his services received. Before leaving Manchester, in June 1813, on promotion to major-general and appointment to the staff in the West Indies, he was waited on by a depu- tation of gentlemen, who presented him with a sword valued at a hundred guineas. A few days later it was notified that the prince re- gent had been pleased to transfer Clay to the home staff, and he was appointed to the com- mand of the great depot of prisoners of war on the north road at Norman Cross, Hunt- ingdonshire, which he held until September 1814, when, in consequence of the termina- tion of the war, his duties ceased. Clay at- tained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1825, and general on 23 Nov. 1841. He was in receipt of a pension for distinguished ser- vices. He died at his residence, 11 Baring Crescent, Exeter, on 13 Dec. 1846, in the eightieth year of his age. [Army Lists ; A. Prentice's Hist. Sketches of Manchester, pp. 30-82 ; Wheeler's Manchester (London, 1836), pp. 103-5 ; Gent. Mag. new ser. xxviii. p. 313 ; Woolmer's Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, 19 Dec. 1846.] H. M. C. CLAY, SIR WILLIAM (1791-1869), politician, born in London in 1791, was the CLAY, WILLIAM KEATENGE (1797- 1867), antiquary, was born in 1797, and r having been ordained deacon in 1823 by the Bishop of Salisbury, became curate of Green- wich. He was ordained priest in the fol- lowing year by the Bishop of London. He was curate of Paddington in 1830, and of Blunham, Bedfordshire, in 1834. In 1835 he took the degree of B.D. at Jesus College, Cambridge, as a ' ten-year ' man, under the statute of Elizabeth (now repealed) ; he be- came minor canon of Ely Cathedral in 1837, and was subsequently appointed ' prselector theologicus' and librarian of the cathedral. In 1842 he was instituted to the perpetual curacy of Holy Trinity, Ely, and was collated in 1854 by Dr. Turton, bishop of Ely, to the vicarage of Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire, where he died on 26 April 1867. His works are : 1. ' Explanatory Notes on the Prayer Book Version of the Psalms,' London, 1839, 8vo. 2. ' The Book of Com- mon Prayer illustrated ; so as to show its son of George Clay, an eminent merchant, , various modifications, the date of its several into whose firm Clay was admitted at an j parts, and the authority on which they rest/ early age. In 1832 he was elected M.P. in , London, 1841, 8vo. 3. ' An Historical Sketch the liberal interest for the newly created j of the Prayer Book,' London, 1849, 8vo. Tower Hamlets constituency. He occupied . 4. Histories of the parishes of Waterbeach the seat till 1857. He was appointed secre- i (1859), Landbeach (1861), and Horningsey tary to the board of control in 1839 under j (1865) in Cambridgeshire. These three paro- Lord Melbourne's ministry. This office he chial histories, printed separately by the Cam- held till the retirement of his party in 1841, bridge Antiquarian Society, were collected when he was created a baronet. Clay was into one volume with a common title-page, a magistrate for Middlesex and Westminster, Cambridge, 1865, 8vo. 5. ' A History of and was also chairman of the Grand Junction and Southwark and Vauxhall water com- panies. He died at Cadogan Place, Chelsea, London, on 13 March 1869. In 1822 Clay married Harriet, daughter of Thomas Dicka- the Parish of Milton in the county of Cam- bridge,' edited by the Rev. W. G. Searle for the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. 1869. He edited for the Parker Society ' Litur- son of Fulwell Lodge, Middlesex, and had gies and Occasional Forms of Prayer set issue three sons and six daughters. , forth in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth,' 1847, Clay published the following pamphlets : and ' Private Prayers put forth by authority 1. ' Speech at the Meeting of the Electors of during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. With the Tower Hamlets,' 1834. 2. ' Speech on an appendix containing the Litany of 1544,' Moving for a Committee to inquire into the Cambridge, 1851. He also assisted in the Act permitting the Establishment of Joint- edition of the ' Book of Common Prayer ' Claymond issued by the Ecclesiastical History Society in 1849-54, and in the edition of Wheatley's 'Rational Illustration of the Book of Common Prayer/ reprinted in 1858 by the syndics of the Cambridge University Press. [Memoir prefixed to History of Milton ; Cam- bridge Chronicle, 4 May 1867; Graduati Can- tab. (1856), p. 79; Gent. Mag. ccxxi. 825.] T. C. CLAYMOND, JOHN, D.D. (1457?- 1537), divine and scholar, was the son of John Claymond and Alice his wife, ' suffi- cient inhabitants ' of Frampton in Lincoln- shire, where John was born. He was edu- cated at Magdalen College grammar school, Oxford, and became a demy of the college, and in 1488 perpetual fellow, and in 1504 president. He proceeded B.D. in 1508 and D.D. in 1510. He held many ecclesiastical benefices. In 1505 he was made master of St. Cross Hospital, near Winchester, by Bishop Fox, and held the post till 1524; in 1506 the abbot and convent of Glastonbury ap- pointed him to the rectory of West Monkton in Somersetshire ; he received in 1509 from Adrian de Castello the prebend of Whit- church in the cathedral church of Wells, to which belonged the church of Beningar in Somersetshire; from 1498 to 1518 he held the vicarage of the collegiate church Norton, Durham, resigning it on condition of receiving a yearly pension of twenty marks ; one of the six scholars for whom he subsequently pro- vided scholarships atBrasenose College was to come from Overton orHavant or Mottesfont, Hampshire, ' of which three places he was suc- cessively rector.' At the request of Bishop Fox Claymond gave up the presidentship of Mag- dalen and accepted that of Corpus Christi, which Fox founded in 1516 ; but since this involved a pecuniary loss the bishop bestowed upon him the ' rich rectory ' of Cleeve in Gloucestershire, which he held till his death. Claymond was a considerable benefactor of the Oxford colleges in which he was interested ; to Magdalen he left ' divers lands and tene- ments ' in Oxfordshire and Southampton, conditionally upon annual service being per- formed in the chapel for the souls of himself, his father and mother, and his stepfather John ; he also left certain moneys for distri- bution among the poorest fellows and demies ; at Brasenose he founded six scholarships, the scholars being chosen from places where he had held preferments, these scholars were afterwards called Claymondines orClemmon- dines ; to Corpus Christi he left lands and money and his books. He does not seem to have printed anything, but left in manuscript to Corpus Christi College Library: 'Notse et Observationes in Plinii Naturalem Histo- i Claypoole riam,' 4 vols. ; ' Comment, in Auli Gellii Noctes Atticas ; ' ' Comment, in Plautum ; ' ' Epistolae ad Simon. Grinaeum, Erasmum et alios Viros Doctissimos ; ' and a ' Treatise of Repentance,' which came into the posses- sion of Anthony a Wood. John Shepgreve, professor of Hebrew, wrote a Latin life of Claymond, with the title ' Vita et Epicedion Johannis Claymundi, Prsesidis Coll. Corp. Chr.' Erasmus mentions Cuthbert Tonstall, Thomas More, and Richard Pace as his spe- cial friends. He died on 19 Nov. 1537, and was buried in Corpus Christi College Chapel. The dates were never filled in on his tomb- stone, so that the year of his birth is a guess of Wood's. [Wood's Athense Oxon. i. 104 ; Wood's Anti- quities, passim ; Allen's Lincolnshire, i. 348 ; Hutchinson's Durham, iii. Ill ; Leland's En- comia, &c., London, 1589, p. 43; J. Cains de libris propriis, London, 1576, p. 13; Erasmi Opera Omnia, 1703, iii. 463.] E. B. CLAYPOOLE or CLAYPOLE, ELIZA- BETH (1629-1658), second daughter of Oliver Cromwell, was born on 2 July 1629 (NOBLE). Her marriage to John Claypoole [q. v.] took place in 1646. She was the fa- vourite daughter of her father, to whom her spiritual condition seems to have caused some anxiety. On one occasion he writes to his daughter Bridget expressing his satisfaction that her sister Claypoole ' sees her own vanity and carnal mind, bewailing it, and seeks after what will satisfy ' (Letter xli. 1646). But four years later he bade her mother warn her to ' take heed of a departing heart and of being cozened with worldly vanities and worldly company, which I doubt she is too subject to ' (Letter clxxi . ) According to several accounts she was too much exalted by her father's sovereignty, for which reason Mrs. Hutchin- son terms her and all her sisters, excepting Mrs. Fleetwood, ' insolent fools.' Captain Titus writes to Hyde relating a remark of Mrs. Claypoole's at a wedding feast concern- ing the wives of the major-generals : ' The feast wanting much of its grace by the absence of those ladies, it was asked by one there where they were. Mrs. Claypole answered, " 111 warrant you washing their dishes at home as they use to do." This hath been extremely ill taken, and now the women do all they can with their husbands to hinder Mrs. Claypole from being a princess ' {Claren- don State Papers, iii. 327 ; see also Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. 177). But according to the account of Harrington ' she acted the part of a princess very naturally, obliging all persons with her civility, and frequently in- terceding for the unhappy.' To her he ap- plied with success for the restoration of the- Claypoole 12 Claypoole confiscated manuscript of ' Uceana ' ( Works, ed. Toland, xix.) According to Ludlow and Heath she interceded for the life of Dr. Hewit, but her own letter on the discovery of the plot in which he had been engaged throws a doubt on this story (THURLOE, vii. 171). Still she is said to have habitually interceded with her father for political of- fenders. ' How many of the royalist pri- soners got she not freed ? How many did not she save from death whom the laws had condemned ? ' (S. CARRINGTON, Life and Dea th of his most Serene Highness Oliver, fyc. 1659, p. 264). She was taken ill in June 1658, and j her sickness was aggravated by the death of i her youngest son, Oliver (THURLOE, vii. 177). The nature of her disease is variously stated : * The truth is,' writes Fleetwood, ' it's believed the physicians do not understand thoroughly her case ' (ib. 295, 309, 320, 340 ; LUDLOW, 231 ; BATES, 233). Clarendon, Heath, Bates, and other royalist writers represent her as upbraiding her father in her last moments with the blood he had shed, &c. (Rebellion). The first hint of this report occurs in a news- letter of 16 Sept., where it is said that the Lady Claypoole ' did on her deathbed beseech his highness to take away the high court of justice ' (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. 143). She died on 6 Aug. 1658, and the ' Mercurius Politicus ' in announcing her death describes her as ' a lady of an excellent spirit and judgment, and of a most noble disposition, eminent in all princely qualities conjoined with sincere resentments of true religion and piety.' She was buried on 10 Aug. in Henry VII's chapel in Westminster Abbey (Mercurius Politicus, 6 and 10 Aug.) After the Restoration her body was exhumed and cast with others into a pit at the back door of the prebendary's lodgings (12 Sept. 1661 ; RENNET, Register). Of her children (three sons and one daugh- ter) Cromwell died in May 1678 unmarried, Henry is said to have predeceased his brother, Oliver died in June 1658, and Martha in January 1664. None left issue. [Noble's House of Cromwell ; Carlyle's Letters and Speeches of Cromwell ; Ludlow's Memoirs, 1751; Clarendon State Papers ; Thurloe Papers.] C. H. F. CLAYPOOLE or CLAYPOLE, JOHN (d. 1688), Cromwell's son-in-law, was the son of John Claypoole of Norborough, Northamp- tonshire. John Claypoole, senior, was one of those who refused to pay ship-money, and was created a baronet by the Protector on 16 July 1657 (NOBLE, ii. 374). The date of the birth of John Claypoole the younger and the date of his marriage with Elizabeth Crom- well [see CLAYPOOLE, ELIZABETH] are both un- certain ; the former probably took place in 1623, the latter some time before October 1646 (CARLYLE, Cromwell, Letter xli.) According to Heath, Claypoole first appeared in arms for the parliament at the siege of Newark in the winter of 1645-6 (Chronicle, 185). On 11 Aug. 1651 he received a commission from the coun- cil of state to raise a troop of horse to oppose the march of Charles II into England (Cal. S. P. Dom. 1651, 516). After the expulsion of the Long parliament he became more prominent. He was appointed by the Pro- tector one of the lords of his bedchamber, master of the horse, and ranger of Whittle- wood Forest. He took a leading part in the public ceremonials of the protectorate, such as the reception of the Dutch ambassadors in 1654, the two solemn investitures of his father-in-law as Protector, and the installa- tion oi Richard Cromwell on 27 Jan. 1659 (Cromwelliana). On 15 Jan. 1656 he was appointed a member of the committee of trade, and sat in the parliaments of 1654 and 1656, in the former for Carmarthen county, in the latter for Northampton county. He was also one of Cromwell's House of Lords (1657). In the parliament of 1656 he endeavoured to moderate the wrath of the house against James Naylor (BURTON, Diary, i. 77), but distinguished himself most by his opposition to the legalisation of the authority exercised by the major-generals (7 Jan. 1657; BURTON, i. 310). ' The sycophants of the court, being fully persuaded that Claypoole had delivered the sense if not the very words of Cromwell in this matter, joined as one man in opposing the major-generals, and so their authority was abrogated ' (LUDLOW, Me- moirs, 222). Claypoole also was, according to Lilly, the intermediary by whom Crom- well sought his advice (Life, 175). In cha- racter there was nothing of the puritan about Claypoole. Mrs. Hutchinson terms him ' a debauched ungodly cavalier,' and in the ' Second Narrative of the late Parliament ' j he is described as one ' whose qualifications not answering to those honest principles formerly so pretended of putting none but godly men into places of trust, was for a long time kept out ' (Harleian Miscellany, I iii. 480). Pepys mentions a famous running j footman who had been in Claypoole's service (Diary, 10 Aug. 1660), and we find him ! begging from Colonel Verney a dog of superior fighting capacity (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th [ Rep. 460). A letter from Claypoole to Henry j Cromwell, expressing his feelings on the loss . of his wife and his father-in-law, is printed in the ' Thurloe State Papers ' (vii. 489). At the Restoration he escaped scot-free, and till Clayton i her death gave shelter to his mother-in-law, Oliver's widow. In June 1678 he was arrested on suspicion and imprisoned in the Tower, but speedily released. He died on 26 June 1688 (NOBLE, ii. 380). His children by his first wife all prede- ceased him. He married a second time, in June 1670, Blanche, widow of Lancelot Stavely, by whom he had one daughter, Bridget, but falling under the influence of a certain Anne Ottee disinherited his daughter for her benefit. Mrs. Claypoole brought an action in chancery and recovered some por- tion of his property, most of which, however, he had been obliged to part with during his lifetime. [Noble's House of Cromwell, ii. 370-87 ; Lud- low's Memoirs, ed. 1751 ; Carlyle's Cromwell's Letters and Speeches; Burton's Cromwellian Diary ; Domestic State Papers ; Mercurius Poli- ticus.] C. H. F. CLAYTON, JOHN(1693-1773), botanist, was born at Fulham in 1693. His fat her was the attorney-general of Virginia, and the son left England and joined him in 1705. He appears to have studied medicine, botany, and, to some extent, chemistry. He sent to the Royal Society in 1739 a statement of 1 Experiments concerning the Spirit of Coals,' which paper was published in the ' Philoso- phical Transactions.' Through the influence of his father Clayton was appointed secretary of Gloucester county, which office he held for many years. His position allowed him the leisure for studying the soil and atmospheric phenomena affecting the vegetation of the state, and for collecting specimens of its flora. Eventually he sent to the Royal Society the results of his observations, which were pub- lished in volumes xvii. xviii. and xli. of the ' Philosophical Transactions. 1 These papers secured him the friendship of many of theEuro- pean naturalists ; especially he corresponded with the celebrated Dutch naturalists, the brothers Gronoy or Gronoviue. To these Clayton forwarded dried plants, and in con- nection with the celebrated Swedish natu- ralist, John Frederick Gronovius, they pub- lished ' Flora Virginica exhibens Plantas quas in Virginia Clayton collegit,' Leyden, 1739 and 1745. These parts were reissued after Clayton's death in 1782. This work was the first flora of Virginia published, and it con- tained many new genera. Gronovius (Lau- rence, as his brother John Frederick died in 1760) affixed the name of Clayton to a genus of plants. The Claytonias are perennial, rare in cultivation ; but the C. mrginica is some- times met with. These plants are popularly known in America by the name of ' spring 3 Clayton beauty,' from the early season at which they flower. Clayton died in 1773. [Barton's Medical and Physical Journal ; Al- libone's Biographical Dictionary ; The Flora of Virginia, 1762 ; Philosophical Transactions ; Lindley and Moore's Treasury of Botany ; Hose's- Biographical Dictionary.] K. H-T. CLAYTON, JOHN (1709-1773), divine, son of William Clayton, bookseller, of Man- chester, was born 9 Oct. 1709. He wa* educated at the Manchester grammar school, and gained the school exhibition to Brasen- ose College, Oxford, in 1825. In 1829 the Hulmean scholarship was awarded to him, and a little later he became a college tutor. He proceeded B.A. on 16 April 1729, and M.A. on 8 June 1732. One of his early friends was John Byrom [q. v.l, his fellow-townsman, and at Oxford he knew John and Charles Wesley, James Hervey, Benjamin Ingham, and a few other pious young collegians, who formed the little society of ' Oxford Metho- dists,' the germ of the great Wesleyan me- thodist body. Fasting, almsgiving, and the visitation of the sick were among the main objects of the friends, and the influence of Clay- ton's devotional spirit and earnest church- manship was soon felt in the little community. He left Oxford in 1732, and was ordained deacon at Chester on 29 Dec. of that year. His first cure was that of Sacred Trinity Chapel in Salford. His house became the resort of Wesley and others of the Oxford society whenever they came to Manchester, and Wes- ley on several occasions preached from his pulpit. George Whitefield also delivered one of his stirring addresses in Clayton's chapel. When Wesley was contemplating his mis- sion to Georgia, he visited Manchester to take the opinions of Clayton and Byrom, and was, it is thought, influenced by their advice in carrying out that important project. Clayton acted as chaplain to Darcy Lever, LL.D., high sheriff of Lancashire in 1736, and published the assize sermon which he preached at Lan- caster in that year. On 6 March 1739-40 he was elected one of the chaplains of the Manchester Collegiate Church, and twenty years later (28 June 1760) was appointed a fellow of the same. His high-church prac- tices and strongly pronounced Jacobite views proved very obnoxious to the whig party of the neighbourhood. He was attacked in a pamphlet by Thomas Percival of Roy ton, and subsequently by the Rev. Josiah Owen, presby- terian minister of Rochdale, and John Collier [q. v.], otherwise ' Tim Bobbin.' When the Young Pretender visited Manchester in 1745, Clayton publicly advocated his claims, and offered up prayer in the collegiate church for Clayton Clayton the deposed royal family. It is related that when the young chevalier was passing along the streets of Salford, he was met by Clay- ton, who fell upon his knees and invoked a divine blessing upon the prince. For his te- merity the Jacobite chaplain had afterwards j to suffer. He was obliged to conceal himself, | and was suspended from his office for vio- j lating his ordination vow, and for acting as | one disaffected towards the protestant sue- ; cession. He was reinstated when a general j amnesty towards the misguided adherents of the prince was proclaimed, and he recovered his allegiance to the church and gained the respect of his townsmen as a sincere and conscientious man. For many years he conducted an academy at Salford, and so attached himself to his pupils, that after his death they formed them- selves into a society called the Cyprianites, and at their first meeting decided to erect a monument to their master's memory, ' as a grateful token of their affectionate regard.' This monument is still remaining in the Man- chester Cathedral. For their use he pub- lished in 1754 ' Anacreontis et Sapphonis Carmina, cum virorum doctorum notis et emendationibus.' An excellent library of six thousand volumes, collected by himself, was attached to this school. It was dispersed in 1773. In Chetham's Hospital and Library at Manchester he naturally took considerable interest, and in 1764 was elected a feoffee of that foundation. In 1755 he published a little volume entitled ' Friendly Advice to the Poor ; written and published at the re- quest of the late and present Officers of the Town of Manchester,' in which he presented an interesting account of the manners and state of society of the poorer inhabitants of the town, and suggested various wise sani- tary and provident remedies for the evils which he exposed. It was replied to in the following year in a jocular and sarcastic man- ner in ' A Sequel to the Friendly Advice to the Poor of Manchester. By Joseph Stot, Cobbler.' The real author was Robert Whit- worth, printer and bookseller. Clayton died on 25 Sept. 1773, aged 64, and was interred in the Derby chapel of the Manchester Collegiate Church (now cathe- dral). His wife was Mary, daughter of Wil- liam Dawson of Manchester. She appears to have died young. [Hibbert Ware's Foundations in Manchester, ii. 94, 100, 159, 336; Everett's Methodism in Manchester, 1827; Wesley's Works, 1831, vide index ; Byrom's Remains (Chetham Soc.), i. 236, 515, 534, ii. 63, 218, 301, 394; Tyerman's Ox- ford Methodists. 1873, pp. 24-56 ; Eawlinson MS3. fol. 16, 311, 384; Raines's Lancashire MSS. vol. xl., in Chetham Library ; Evans's Memorials of St. John's, Manchester (still in manuscript). Portraits of Clayton and his wife and sister are in the possession of Colonel Mawson of Man- chester ; and a picture of Clayton in his school was formerly at Kersall Cell, Manchester, the property of the late Miss Atherton.] C. W. S. CLAYTON, JOHN (1728-1800), painter, belonged to a family residing at Bush Hill, Edmonton, and was brother to Samuel Clay- ton of Old Park, Enfield, and uncle to Nicholas Clayton [q. v.] He was brought up for the medical profession, and served his time with Samuel Sharpe, a well-known surgeon, but as he did not see his way to advancement in this profession, he took to painting. The form of art he adopted was still life, especially fruit and flower pieces, painting both in oil and water-colours ; he occasionally painted land- scapes. We first find Clayton exhibiting in 1761 and the following years at the Free Society of Artists in the Strand, but in 1767 he appears as a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, and was one of those who signed the roll declaration of that society on its incorporation by charter in 1765; in these years and in the following he exhibited with that society. He resided in the Piazza, Covent Garden. In March 1769 a disastrous and extensive fire broke out which destroyed one side of the Piazza, and most of Clayton's best pictures perished in the flames. After this event he seems to have relinquished art, and retired, having married, to his brother's house at Enfield, where he devoted himself to gardening and music. We find his name again as an exhibitor in 1778. Clayton died on 23 June 1800 at Enfield, in his seventy- third year, leaving two sons and one daugh- ter. [Redgrave's Diet, of English Artists; Gent. Mag. 1800, Ixx. 596 ; Pye's Patronage of British j Art ; Catalogues of the Free Society of Artists ! and of the Incorporated Society of Artists.] L. C. CLAYTON, JOHN (1754-1843), inde- pendent minister, was born at Wood End Farm, Clayton, near Chorley, Lancashire, 5 Oct. 1754. He was the only son of George Clayton, a bleacher, and had nine elder sisters. He was educated at Leyland grammar school, where strong party feeling led to frequent fights between ' protestant ' and ' catholic ' sets of schoolboys. In these encounters Clay- ton's tall figure and natural courage made him conspicuous. He was apprenticed to his brother-in-law, Boultbee, an apothecary in Manchester ; but at the end of four years he ran off, and made his way to the house of a married sister in London. He was taken to Clayton i "hear the Rev. William Romaine preach, and his ' conversion ' followed. Clayton was in- troduced to the Countess of Huntingdon, and sent by her to Trevecca College, of which she was the foundress. The students of Lady Huntingdon's Connexion went forth in streets and market-places as preachers, and were sometimes roughly handled. On one occasion Clayton rode post from Wales to London to convey a message from his patroness, coun- termanding an order which she had given for the building of a new chapel. He became a po- pular preacher, and on account of symptoms of pulmonary disease was sent to take charge of her chapel at Tunbridge Wells. He also preached frequently in London. In 1777 he sought episcopal ordination, but difficulties arose which led him to desist, and a perusal of Towgood's 'Letters on Dissent' decided him to throw in his lot with nonconformists. This was a great disappointment to the countess, who addressed a long letter to him on the subject of his secession. He became an assistant to Sir Harry Trelawny, a Cornish gentleman, who was also minister of a pres- byterian congregation at West Looe. Tre- lawny afterwards became a Unitarian, then an Anglican clergyman, and finally a catholic. Clayton's Calvinism soon led to a separation from Trelawny, and he accepted an invita- tion to succeed the Rev. Samuel Wilton, D.D., as pastor of the Weigh-house Chapel. This he accepted in preference to a ' call' from Edin- burgh, and was ' ordained ' 25 Nov. 1778. He married, in July 1779, Mary, the eldest daughter of Mr. George Flower. Three of his sons afterwards attained distinction in the congregational ministry, the Rev. John Clayton, jun., the Rev. George Clayton, and the Rev. William Clayton. The minister of the Weigh-house was a man of methodical habits, and living at High- bury Place, Islington, once stated that for thirty years together he never heard the clock strike nine in London. Jacob Thornton, the Clapham philanthropist, took Clayton in his carriage to preach to the convicts at the Woolwich hulks. He had for supporters two officers with loaded carbines. ' Gentle- man' Barrington, the pickpocket, was one of the auditors, and at the close commented upon the sermon in the words : 'Well, doc- tor, I see that with you it is all faith and no works.' To this Clayton retorted : ' The very last place in which I should have ex- pected to find the merit of works pleaded "would be his majesty's hulks for convicted felons.' He was appointed in 1793 one of the preachers at the merchants' lecture. He held a similar office at Fetter Lane, Holborn, and Hare Court, Aldersgate. His literary Clayton remains are not very important. In addition to a share in the ordination service of his sons and other ministers, he published ' A Counter Statement relative to a late With- drawment from a Dissenting Independent Church,' London, 1804. This refers to his conduct in regard to one of his flock who had a taste for the theatre, and sometimes travelled on Sunday. The Rev. Richard Cecil ~q. v.] is reported to have said : ' Clayton, I lave long respected you, but I have never before envied you. I own I do now envy you, because I hear that you have applied the dis- cipline of the church to a man that rides in his coach.' Clayton published : 1. ' The Snares of Prosperity,' to which is added an ' Essay upon Visiting,' London, 1789. 2. 'The Duty of Christians to Magistrates,' London, 1791, a sermon which led to a controversy, and provoked from Robert Hall his fine vindica- tion of liberty, entitled ' Christianity con- sistent with a Love of Freedom.' 3. ' The great Mercies of the Lord bestowed upon Britain,' London, 1802. 4. ' The Antidote of Fear ; a Sermon,' London, 1804. Clayton's brother-in-law, Benjamin Flower, the editor of the ' Cambridge Intelligencer,' brought an action against Clayton's son, the Rev. John Clayton, jun., who had circulated statements made by his father imputing to Flower forgery, or its equivalent. The case was tried before Lord Mansfield 25 July 1808, and the verdict of the jury awarded 40s. damages just enough to carry costs. About 1820 Clayton bought a small estate at Gaines in Essex, and in 1826 he resigned the charge of the Weigh-house, after a pastorate of forty- eight years. Upon this occasion a service of plate was presented to him by the hands of the lord mayor. His wife died 11 Jan. 1836, and he died 22 Sept. 1843. He is buried in Bunhill Fields. His eldest son, the Rev. JOHN CLAYTON, jun., referred to above, was pastor of the Poultry Chapel, London, and died at Bath 3 Oct. 1865, aged 85. He published some sermons and a treatise on ' The Choice of Books,' 1811. [Aveling's Memorials of Clay ton Family, 1867 ; Jones's Bunhill Memorials ; General Catalogue of the British Museum. The quarrel between the Flowers and the Claytons is referred to in Flower's Life of Kobinson of Cambridge, as well as in his Statement of Facts, 1808.1 W. E. A. A. CLAYTON, JOHN (d. 1861), architect, was a native of Hereford, where he had a large practice. The market-gateway entrance with a clock-tower in that town was erected from his design, besides numerous other public buildings and private residences. About 1839 Clayton 16 Clayton he came to London and settled in Elizabeth Street, Eaton Square. In that year he sent to the Royal Academy a ' Design for a Villa in the Isle of Wight.' On 13 June 1842 he was elected an associate of the Royal Insti- tute of British Architects, and was advanced to the dignity of fellow of the same body on 2 Nov. 1857. He exhibited architectural designs in the Royal Academy in 1844-7, 1853, and 1856, and in 1845 obtained the premium of the Royal Academy in architec- ture for the most finished drawing in detail of the church of St. Stephen, Walbrook. Clay- ton is best known for his architectural pub- lications : ' A Collection of the Ancient Timber Edifices of England,' 1846, a most valuable record of those structures, most of which have now disappeared, and ' The Dimensions, Plans, Elevations, and Sections of the Paro- chial Churches of Sir Christopher Wren, erected in the cities of London and West- minster,' 1848. In addition to these he pub- lished the following sessional papers, contri- buted by him to the Royal Institute of British Architects : ' Norman Refectory at Hereford,' 1847 ; ' Abbey Dore Church and Monastery near Hereford,' 1851 ; ' Towers and Spires of the City Churches, the works of Sir Chris- topher Wren,' 1852 ; ' Bridges and Viaducts of the Present Day,' 1856. Clayton died in 1861, and at the opening meeting at the Royal Institute in November of that year allusion was made to the merits of his works and his architectural abilities. [Redgrave's Diet, of English Artists ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; Royal Academy Ca- talogues ; Catalogue of the Library, and Records of the Royal Institute of British Architects.] L. C. CLAYTON, NICHOLAS, D.D. (1733 ?- 1797), presbyterian divine, son of Samuel Clayton of Old Park, Enfield, Middlesex, was born about 1733. He was educated partly by private teachers at St. Albans and Chelms- ford, and partly at a dissenting academy at Northampton and at the university of Glas- gow. He was minister from 1759 to 1763 of the presbyterian chapel at Boston in Lin- colnshire, and was invited thence in 1763 to the newly built Octagon Chapel at Liver- pool, the promoters of which had the de- sign of introducing a liturgy which dissen- ters and members of the established church might join in using. The scheme was car- ried on for thirteen years, but as it was not supported by the members of the church who had professed to be dissatisfied with the Book of Common Prayer, the chapel was then sold to a clergyman of the church of England, and Clayton went to the chapel in Benn's Gar- den, Liverpool, as the colleague of the Rev. Robert Lewin. The sermon with which he concluded the services at the Octagon on 25 Feb. 1776 was published under the title of ' The Importance of Sincerity in Public Worship to Truth, Morals, and Christianity/ Besides this sermon, he printed one in the same year entitled ' The Minister of the Gos- pel represented in a sermon on 1 Cor. x. 33 T (WATT, Bibl. rit.), and another in 1776 on prayer. In the spring of 1781 he was ap- pointed divinity tutor at the Warrington Academy, in succession to Dr. John Aikin, but that establishment was then in a declining state, and in 1783 he returned to Liverpool broken in health. While at Warrington, in 1782 he received the degree of D.D. from the university of Edinburgh. From 1785 to 1795 he ministered at Nottingham as the colleague of the Rev. George Walker. In the latter year he returned once more to Liverpool, and died there on 20 May 1797, aged 66. He married in 1765 Dorothy, daughter of James Nicholson of Liverpool. Clayton was a highly accomplished man, and outside his own calling was a good mathematician and skilled in natural philosophy. His sermons were ac- counted excellent compositions. [Monthly Repository, 1813, viii. 625-9 ; Thorn's Liverpool Churches and Chapels, 1854, p. 71 ; Mem. of Gilbert Wakefield, 1804, i. 226, 321, 555; Thompson's Hist, of Boston, p. 263; Brooke's Liverpool, 1853, p. 58; Kendrick's Warrington Profiles (portrait) ; Gent. Mag. 1776, xlvi. 369, 450 (notice of the Octagon sermon) ; Cat. of Edinb. Graduates, 1858, p. 246. The liturgy used at the Octagon Chapel was published in 1763.] C. W. S. CLAYTON, RICHARD, D.D. (d. 1612), dean of Peterborough, son of John Clayton, gentleman, of Crook in Lancashire, was ad- mitted a pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1572, but removed to Ox- ford, where he proceeded B.A., and was in- corporated in that degree at Cambridge in 1576. In the following year he was admitted a fellow of St. John's, on the Lady Margaret's foundation. He commenced M.A. at Cam- bridge in 1579, and was incorporated in that degree at Oxford on 12 July 1580 (Woou, Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 217). He proceeded B.D. at Cambridge in 1587, was elected a college preacher at St. John's the same year, was created D.D. in 1592, became master of Mag- dalene College, Cambridge, in 1593, was in- stalled archdeacon of Lincoln on 30 Aug. 1595, collated to the prebend of Thorngate in the church of Lincoln on 11 Dec. 1595, and admitted master of St. John's College, Cambridge, on the 22nd of the same month. The second court of the college was the great Clayton 3 work of this master : but during his master- ship the college declined in learning, its in- mates ' being so overbusied with architecture that their other studies were intermitted, and the noise of axes and hammers disturbed them in their proper business ' (BAKER, Hist, of St. John's, i. 190, 191, 196). Under his government puritanism was in great measure rooted out of the college. He was collated to a canomy of Peterborough on 21 June 1596 ; was vice-chancellor of the university of Cambridge in 1604 ; and was installed dean of Peterborough on 28 July 1607 (LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, ii. 539). He died on 2 May 1612, and was buried in St. John's College chapel with great solemnity. [Cambridge Antiquarian Communications, i. 349 ; Addit. MS. 5866, f. 8 ; Hacket's Life of Abp. Williams, pp. 17, 18, 22.] T. C. CLAYTON, SIR RICHARD (d. 1828), translator, was the son of John Clayton of Northall, Lancashire, by Elizabeth, daugh- ter of the Rev. Dr. Goodwin, rector of Tankersley, near Barnsley, Yorkshire, and nephew of Richard Clayton, serjeant-at-law and lord chief justice of the common pleas in Ireland, who by his will, dated 16 March 1770, left him his manors of Adlington and Worthington. He was created a baronet on 3 May 1774, was recorder of Wigan (1815-28), constable of Lancaster Castle, and British consul at Nantes, where he died on 29 April 1828. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and a member of the Inner Temple, where he was admitted in 1762, called in 1771, and reader in 1811. He married in 1780 Ann, daughter of Dr. Charles White, an eminent surgeon of Manchester, and left an only daughter, who married Lieu- tenant-general Robert Browne. Lady Clay- ton died at Cheltenham on 23 Nov. 1837. Clayton published the following transla- tions and other works: 1. ' On the Cretins of the Vallais,' a paper in the ' Memoirs ' of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1790. 2. ' Connubia Florum Latino carmine demonstrata ; auctore D. De la Croix, notas et observationes adjecit,' Bath, 1791, 8vo. 3. ' A Critical Inquiry into the Life of Alexander the Great by the Ancient His- torians, translated from the French of the Baron de St. Croix,' Bath, 1793, 4to, which he rendered by his additions more valuable than the original. 4. ' Memoirs of the House of Medici, from the French of M. Tenhove, with notes and observations,' Bath, 1797, 4to, 2 vols. 5. ' The Science of Legislation, from the Italian of Filangieri,' 1806, 8vo. 6. ' A Treatise on Greyhounds,' in the ' Pam- phleteer,' vol. ix. 1817. VOL. XI. Clayton [Baines's Lancashire, 1870, ii. 165; Literary Memoirs of Living Authors (by Rivers), 1798, i.101; Biog.Dict. of Living Authors, 1816, p. 66 ; Burke's Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies, 1844, Addenda, p. 600 ; De Quincey's Autob. Sketches, 1854, ii. 67, where he writes of Sir R. Clayton having honourably distinguished himself in lite- rature by translating and improving the work of Tenhove.] C. W. S. CLAYTON, SIR ROBERT (1629-1707), merchant and politician, was born at Bulwick, Northamptonshire, on 29 Sept. 1629, being one of several children of a small farmer called Clayton or Cleeton (described by Le Neve as ' carpenter or joyner, a poor man of no family '), who resided in that parish. At an early age he was apprenticed to his uncle, a London scrivener, of the name of Robert Abbot, who left him a large sum of money. Among the manuscripts of W.M. MoreMoly- neux of Losely Park, near Guildford, is a document witnessed by Abbot and his nephew, who there signed his name as Robert Cleton, in 1648 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. 678). Alderman John Morris was a fellow-appren- tice and partner in business, and on the death of Morris in February 1682 without issue, his estates came to his old friend, Clayton, who by his own exertions, aided by these accessories of wealth, amassed a fortune suffi- cient to give him a commanding influence in the councils of the corporation of London. He was a member of the Scriveners' and Drapers' Companies, alderman of Cordwainer ward from 1670 to 1676, and of the ward of Cheap from that year to 1688. In 1671 he was elected sheriff (being knighted at the Guild- hall on 30 Oct.), and elected as lord mayor in 1679-80, when the pageants performed at his cost on the day (29 Oct. 1679) of ' initia- tion and instalment' were described by Tho- mas Jordan in a tract entitled ' London ia Luster.' All his influence in commerce was- exerted on the side of the protestant or whig- interest, and he became one of its chief par- tisans. He was returned to parliament for the city of London in 1678-9, in 1679, and in 1680-1. To the last of these parliaments, which was summoned to meet at Oxford, he- and his three whig colleagues in the represen- tation of the city came in great state, with troops of supporters wearing on their hats ribbons with the words 'No popery, no slavery,' and at the request of his constitu- ents he moved for leave to bring in a bill for excluding any papists from succeeding to the English throne. Clayton was accused, with Slingsby Bethel [q. v.], Cornish, and other champions of whiggism,of having endeavoured to induce Fitz-Harristo make false confessions on the popish plot, but the charge was merely Clayton 18 Clayton the result of party animosity. It may be dismissed as unworthy of credence, together with the assertion made by his own followers that Charles II was bent on taking the life of a city magnate, and that Clayton would have been destroyed had not Jeffreys, in re- turn for favours received when he obtained the office of recorder, saved the life of his friend. When the common council voted an address to the king for the calling and sitting of a parliament, Clayton was one of the deputation sent to Windsor (14 May 1681) to present it. They were refused admittance to the royal presence and told to go to Hampton Court, but when they went before the king in that palace (7 July) the answer they received was a severe rebuke for their presumption. Clayton was one of the committee of four aldermen and eight com- moners appointed (18 Jan. 1682) to arrange the defence against the quo warranto brought against the city charter. For these and other acts he was subjected to several annoyances from the court, and in June 1682 there were rumours that a charge for extortion would be instituted against him. At the general election on the accession of James II (1685) he failed to obtain a seat for the city of London, ; but in the Convention parliament of 1689 he i again represented his old constituents. His ; parliamentary representation now alternated , with the rise or fall of the whig party be- i tween London and the borough of Bletching- ley in Surrey, where he possessed a large estate. He sat for the latter borough in the dark days of whiggism, 1690-5, 1698-1700, and from 1702 to 1705. From 1695 to 1698, in the short-lived house of 1701, from 1701 to 1702, and from 1705 until his death, he represented the city of London, rejecting for that honour the constituency of Castle Rising, for which he had been also returned in 1705. Clayton was one of the deputation sent by the common council to the Prince of Orange in December 1688, and he was rewarded for his fidelity to the whig cause by a place on the board of customs (April 1689 to June 1697). A conspicuous proof of his wealth was shown in October 1697, when he lent the king 30,0001. in order that the troops might be paid off. After having passed a long and active life he died at Harden, Surrey, 16 July 1707. His wife, Martha, the daugh- ter and heiress of Perient Trott, a London j merchant, died on 25 Dec. 1705, aged 62, after a married life of forty-six years. Both husband and wife were buried in a vault of Bletchingley church under magnificent monuments of white marble erected in their honour. Le Neve, in his pithy way, sums up Clayton's life in the words : ' He was a scrive- nor and hath no issue ; vastly rich he came up to town a poor boy, dyed without children.' His only child, Robert, died when an infant, and he thereupon left by his will all his estates to his nephew, William Clayton (the second son of his brother, William Clayton of Hambledon in Buckinghamshire), who was created a baronet in 1732. Clayton's known wealth subjected him to many strokes of satire. He was attacked by Tate in the ' Second Part of Absalom and Achitophel,' as ' extorting Ishban, pursued by a meagre troop of bankrupt heirs,' and the herd of tory pam- phleteers made his usury and his desire to obtain a peerage matters of constant ridi- cule. The manor of Bletchingley was sold under an act of parliament for the discharge of Lord Peterborough's debts, and Evelyn notes in his diary (3 July 1677) that he ' sealed the deeds of sale to Sir Robert Clay- ton.' Harden was bought by Clayton and Morris from Sir John Evelyn in 1672, but Horris afterwards conveyed his share to Clay- ton. The house at Harden, with its walnut trees, its orangery and its walks, and its ' soli- tude among hills,' are highly praised in Eve- lyn's diary, and in a short account of the gardens in December 1691, which is printed in the ' Archseologia,' xii. 187, it is recorded that Clayton ' has great plantations at Mar- den, in a soil not very benign to plants, but with great charge he forces nature to obey him.' In his house in the Old Jewry, Lon- don, ' built for a great magistrate at excessive cost,' Clayton and his wife, ' a free-hearted woman,' gave great entertainments, his ban- quets vying with those of kings. Clayton held a variety of city appointments. He was a director of the Bank of England, a governor of the Irish Society, a vice-presi- dent of the London workhouse (1680), presi- dent of St. Thomas's Hospital 20 Feb. 1691-2, and one of the governing body of Christ's Hospital. Through the agency of the lord treasurer, Clifford, he suggested to Charles II the foundation of a mathematical school at Christ's Hospital, and by this means a royal charter was obtained and the school opened in 1673. In 1675 he was attacked with ' a severe and dangerous illness,' and in gratitude for his recovery rebuilt the southern front of the hospital, which had been injured in the great fire, at a cost of about 10,000/., the works being finished in 1682. His liberality was commemorated by an inscription under a statue of the founder, Edward VI, in a niche above the south gateway. Towards the rebuilding of St. Thomas's Hospital Clay- ton gave 600/., and he left it by his will the sum of 2,300Z., the third court of the old in- stitution being built through his munificence. Clayton A full-length marble statue of him was erec- ted in that court in 1701, and it now stands near the school buildings of the new hospital. A portrait of Clayton, by Jonathan Richard- son, hangs in the governor's hall at the count- ing-house of that institution, and in the livery room of the Drapers' Company is a three-quarter length of him by Kneller, painted in 1680. The speech by Clayton, as lord mayor elect, to the citizens on 29 Sept. 1679 was printed in that year ; it was strong on behalf of protestantism. [Trollope's Christ's Hospital, pp. 77, 101-3; Gelding's St. Thomas's Hospital, pp. 91, 108-10, 117-18, 148, 182; Orridge's Citizens of London, 145-51 ; Herbert's City Companies, i. 205-6, 438, 440, 457-61, 476-8 ; Luttrell's Eelation of State Affairs (1857), passim; Evelyn's Diary <1850 ed.), ii. 78-9, 110, 115-16, 136, 300, 335, 361 ; Eapin, ii. 781 ; Dryden's Works, ix. 328, 359-61 ; Le Neve's Knights (Harl. Soc. 1873), 270 ;Macaulay's History (1871 ed.)i.276, ii. 362; Manning and Bray's Surrey, ii. 294, 302, 310-11, 804-5, iii. app. p. cxliv.] ~W. P. C. CLAYTON, ROBERT (1695-1758), Irish bishop, born at Dublin in 1695, was a descen- dant of the Claytons of Fulwood, Lancashire, whose estates came to him by inheritance. He was the eldest of eight children of Dr. Robert Clayton, minister of St. Michael's, Dublin, and dean of Kildare, and Eleanor, daughter of John Atherton of Busie. Zachary Pearce : [q. v.] privately educated him at Westmin- ster School. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, became B.A. 1714, a fellow the same year, M.A. 1717, LL.D. 1722, andD.D. 1730. He made the tour of Italy and France, and on his father's death in 1728 came into pos- session of a good estate and married Catha- rine, daughter of Lord Chief Baron Don- nellan. He gave his wife's fortune to her sister, and doubled the bequest, under his father's will, to his own three sisters. A gift of 300/. to a distressed scholar recom- mended to him by Samuel Clarke (1675-1729) &, v.] brought him the intimate friendship of arke. Clayton embraced Clarke's doctrines and held to them through life. Queen Caroline, hearing from Dr. Clarke of Clayton's remark- able beneficence, had him appointed to the bishopric of Killala and Achonry in 1729- 1730. In 1735 he was translated to that of Cork and Ross, and in 1745 to that of Clogher. His first literary production was a letter in the ' Philosophical Transactions,' August 1738, on a French refugee, in Cork, suckling a child, with an account of a remarkable skeleton. In 1739 he published 'The Bishop of Corke's Letter to his Clergy,' Dublin, 8vo, and ' A Sermon preached before the Judges of Assize,' Cork, 4to, and in 1740 ' The Re- ? Clayton ligion of Labour,' Dublin, 4to, for the Society for Promoting English Protestant Schools in Ireland. In 1743 he published ' A Replica- tion . . . with the History of Popery,' &c., Dublin, 4to, directed against the author of ' A Brief Historical Account of the Vaudois.' In 1747 appeared ' The Chronology of the Hebrew Bible vindicated ... to the Death of Moses,' London, 4to, pp. 494. In 1749 he published ' A Dissertation on Prophesy . . . with an explanation of the Revelations of St. John,' Dublin, 8vo; reprinted London, 8vo. This work aimed at reconciling Daniel and Revelation, and proving that the ruin of popery and the end of the dispersion of the Jews would take place in A.D. 2000. Two letters followed, printed separately, then to- gether, 1751, London, 8vo, ' An Impartial Enquiry into the Time of the Coming of the Messiah.' In 1751 appeared the remarkable work written by him, though often asserted to be that of a young clergyman of his dio- cese, ' Essay on Spirit . . . with some re- marks on the Athanasian and Nicene Creeds,' London, 1751, 8vo. This book, full of Arian doctrine, led to a long controversy. It was attacked by William Jones, Warburton (who described it as ' the rubbish of old heresies '), Nathaniel Lardner, and many others. The Duke of Dorset, the lord-lieutenant, refused on account of this work to appoint him to the vacant archbishopric of Tuam. Several editions appeared in 8vo and 12mo, 1752, 1753, and 1759. In 1752 a work having ap- peared called ' A Sequel to the Essay on Spirit,' London, 8vo, Clayton published ' The Genuine Sequel to the Essay,' &c., Dublin, 8vo. His next work was ' A Vindication of the Histories of the Old and New Testament, in answer to the Objections of . . . Boling- broke,' pt. i., Dublin, 1752, 12mo. The same year he was made fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, having some years before been elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1753 he published ' A Journey from Grand Cairo to Mount Sinai, and back again. In Company with some Missionaries de propa- ganda Fide,' &c., translated from a manu- script which had been mentioned by Pococke in his ' Travels.' The chief interest lay in the account of the supposed inscriptions of the Israelites in the Gebel el Mokatab. The work was addressed to the Society of Anti- quaries, and the author offered to give 5001., spread over five years, to assist an exploration in Mount Sinai, but the society took no steps in the matter. Mr. Wortley Montagu, how- ever, was induced to visit the spot and give an account of the inscriptions. The same year Clayton published ' A Defence of the Essay on Spirit,' London, 8vo. His next c2 Clayton 20 Clayton work was ' Some Thoughts on Self-love, In- nate Ideas, Freewill,' &c., occasioned by Hume's works, London, 1754, 8vo. The same year he brought out the second part of the ' Vindication of ... the Old and New Tes- tament,' Dublin, 8vo, adorned with cuts. This produced Catcott's attack on his theories of the earth's form and the deluge. In 1756 appeared ' Letters which passed between . . . the Bishop of Clogher and Mr. William Penn concerning Baptism,' London, 8vo, in which he asserted the cessation of baptism by the Holy Ghost. Clayton's friend Bowyer ob- tained a copy of the correspondence and pub- lished it. Clayton proposed, 2 Feb. 1756, in the Irish House of Lords, that the Athanasian and Nicene creeds should be expunged from the \ liturgy of the church of Ireland. His speech, taken in shorthand, was afterwards published, and passed through several editions. Some editions have appeared as late as Evesham, 1839, 12mo, and London, 1839, 12mo. It is also given in Sparke's 'Essays and Tracts on Theology,' vol. vi. 12mo, Boston, U.S., 1826. No proceedings were taken against him until the publication of the third part of the ' Vin- dication of ... the Old and New Testament,' Dublin, 1757, 8vo, when he renewed his at- tack on the Trinity and advanced so many doctrines contrary to the Thirty-nine Articles that the government was compelled to order a prosecution. A meeting of Irish prelates was called at the house of the primate, and Clayton was summoned to attend. Before the appointed time the bishop was seized with a nervous fever, and died 26 Feb. 1758. On. being told that he would probably lose his bishopric, he replied that he should never survive the blow. Clayton's temper was amiable, his spirit catholic, his beneficence unbounded, and many of his gifts secret till after his death. As a member of the linen board he managed to get steady employment for the poor of his diocese of Clogher. His writings are fanciful, though not without ability. Dr. Bernard, afterwards dean of Derry, who married Clayton's niece, and was his executor, had several of his works in manu- script, but they have never been published. He gave copyright of all Clayton's works for England to the learned printer Bowyer, who issued the three parts of the ' Vindication ' and the 'Essay on Spirit,' with additional notes and index to the scripture texts, in 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1759, pp. 504. [Clayton's Works; Boulter's Letters, i. 340, ii. 127, 134 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 231, 241, 245 ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. iv. 733 ; Burdy's Life of Philip Skelton, pp. 84, 98 ; Warburton's Letters, 4to edit. p. 68.] J. W.-G-. CLAYTON, THOMAS (fi. 1706), musi- cal composer, was one of the musicians in ordinary to William and Mary. His name occurs in the lists of the royal band from 1692 until 1702, at which date he probably went to Italy. He returned about 1704, bringing with him (as was said at the time) a considerable quantity of Italian songs which he had collected abroad. These he set to an adaptation by Peter Motteux of a drama by Stonzani, which had been performed at Bo- logna in 1677, and at Venice in 1678. In association with N. F. Haym and C. Dieu- part, Clayton entered upon a series of opera performances at Drury Lane Theatre the first venture of the kind in the annals of the English stage. The first season began on Tuesday, 16 Jan. 1705, with ' Arsinoe, Queen of Cyprus,' the work which Clayton had vamped up from his Italian gleanings. It was announced as ' a new opera, after the Italian manner, all sung,' with recitative* instead of spoken dialogue. It seems to have attained some success, though a con- temporary writer (supposed to be Galliard) says ' there is nothing in it but a few sketches- of antiquated Italian airs, so mangled and sophisticated, that instead of Arsinoe, it ought to be called the Hospital of the old Decrepid Italian Operas,' and Burney was inclined to acquit Clayton of plagiarism in its com- position, for ' nothing so mean in melody and incorrect in counterpoint was likely to have been produced by any of the reigning com- posers of that time.' It was sung by Leve- ridge, Hughes, Ramondon, Good, Mrs. Lind- say, Mrs. Cross, and Mrs. Tofts, the last of whom made in it her first appearance on the stage. On 6 Feb. 1705 it was played at St. James's before Queen Anne, at the celebra- tion of her birthday ; according to Genest it was performed fifteen, or according to Burney twenty-four times in 1705, and thirteen times in 1706. Encouraged by this success, Clayton tried his hand at another opera, and on Tuesday, 4 March 1707, pro- duced at Drury Lane a setting of Addison's ' Rosamond,' in which Holcomb, Leveridge,. Hughes, Mrs. Tofts, Mrs. Lindsay, and Maria Gallia sang the principal parts. This work was repeated on the 15th and 22nd of the same month, but its failure was so decided that it was never again performed. The- anonymous author already quoted opines that ' Rosamond ' ' mounted the stage on purpose to frighten all England with its abominable musick.' Both ' Arsinoe ' and ' Rosamond ' were published, and posterity has thus been enabled to endorse the opinions of Clayton's contemporaries. After the failure of ' Rosa- mond' the operatic venture continued until Cleasby 2 1711, when it ceased, and Clayton and his partners gave concerts at the Music Room in York Buildings. On 24 May 1711 settings by Clayton of a version of Dryden's ' Alex- ander's Feast' (altered by John Hughes), and of Harrison's ' Passion of Sappho,' were performed, but both works failed, after which nothing is heard of the luckless composer. He is said to have died about 1730. Clayton is of importance in the history of English music as the first to acclimatise legitimate opera in England, but as a composer his posi- tion is summed up in the words of his anony- mous contemporary : ' If a reward was to be ordain'd for him that made the worst musick in all the world, the author of Rosamond wou'd have reason to say he had not lost his labour, since he wou'd have an undoubted title to the gratification.' [Burney's Hist, of Music, iv. 199-204 ; Hawkins's Hist, of Music (ed. 1853), 810-14; Chamberlayne's Present State of England, 1692- 1 704 ; Grove's Diet, of Music, i. ; Clayton's Queens of Song, i. 2, 7, 11 ; Busby's Anecdotes, i. 71 ; Georgian Era, iv. ; Daily Courant for 1705 and 1707; Genest's Hist, of the Stage, i. 318; London Gazette, No. 4095; A Critical Discourse upon some Operas in England (1709), 5.] W. B. S. CLEASBY, SIE ANTHONY (1804- 1879), judge, was born 27 Aug. 1804. His father, Stephen Cleasby, was a Russia broker, who carried on a prosperous business at 11 Union Court, Broad Street, in the city of London, and died at Craig House, Westmore- land, 31 Aug. 1844 ; having married, 4 Feb. 1797, at Stoke Newington, Mary, second daughter of George John of Penzance. An- thony was educated at Brook Green, Ham- mersmith, and then at Eton, 1820-3 ; he abandoned an intention of entering the army, because of an illness in 1819 which rendered him lame for life. He matriculated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in October 1823, was third wrangler and B.A. in 1827, fellow of his college 1828, and M.A. 1830. He was admitted a student of the Inner Temple 30 Jan. 1827, and called to the bar there 10 June 1831, and then went the northern circuit. He soon became known as a most accurate and careful junior ; he was a master of the science of special pleading, and learned in all branches of the law. He was not, how- ever, a successful nisi prius advocate, but ob- tained a large practice as a junior. His opinion was sought by commercial clients in patent cases, mercantile disputes, and real property cases. In 1852 and again in 1859 he was an unsuccessful conservative candi- date for East Surrey. He had previously purchased an estate called Ledgers, six miles Cleasby east of Croydon. He was appointed a queen's counsel on 22 Feb. 1861, and in the same year became a bencher of his inn. In 1867 he contested the university of Cambridge without success against Mr .'Beresford Hope. Cleasby became a baron of the court of ex- chequer on 25 Aug. 1868, was nominated a Serjeant on the same day, admitted on 2 Nov., and on the 9th of the following month was knighted. As a judge he was so cautious and diffident that he won little popular ap- plause. In the criminal courts he was never quite at home. The juries were puzzled by his extremely conscientious efforts to explain the whole law. In his written judgments, however, he spared no pains, and they were always thorough and exhaustive. He retired on a pension in October 1878 ; went to his country house, Penoyre, near Brecon, which he had purchased after his elevation to the bench ; and died on 6 Oct. 1879. He married, on 26 March 1836, Lucy Susan, youngest daughter of Walter Fawkes of Farnley Hall, Yorkshire. [Law Magazine and Review, February 1880, pp. 113-27; Illustrated London News, 23 Jan. 1869, p. 93, with portrait; Cleasby and Vigfits- son's Icelandic-English Dictionary (1869), pp. Ixi-civ ; Times, 8 Oct. 1879, p. 6.] G. C. B. CLEASBY, RICHARD (1797-1847), philologist, brother of Sir Anthony Cleasby [q. v.], and eldest son of Stephen Cleasby, was born on 30 Nov. 1797. He was educated at a private school, and for some years assisted his father in his business, but in 1824 gave up trade and proceeded to the continent to devote himself to the study of philosophy and literature. After spending four years principally in Italy and Germany, he re- turned for a winter's term at the university of Edinburgh, repaired again to the con- tinent, and, after much roaming, settled down in 1830 at Munich to study philosophy under Schelling and old German under Schmeller and Massmann. Philology gradually en- croached on philosophy, and his excursions into almost every district of Germany, to which he devoted all the time he could spare from his studies, procured him an extraor- dinary knowledge of German dialects. A liver complaint, which he had contracted in Italy, compelled him to frequently resort to Carlsbad, and he occasionally revisited Eng- land for a brief period. His first visit to Denmark and Sweden was in May 1834, and he became gradually more and more attracted by Scandinavian subjects. In 1839 he collated the ' Codex Argenteus ' at Upsala, and in January 1840, ' to get an unaccount- able and most scandalous blank filled up,' he Cleasby 22 Cleaver formed the plan of his 'Icelandic-English Dic- tionary.' The work was fairly commenced in April, and continued to be the chief in- terest of the too short remainder of a life greatly tried by family and business cares and attacks of rheumatism and liver com- plaint, threatening to end in paralysis. He oscillated incessantly between England, the | German baths, and Copenhagen, where he j had amanuenses continually at work, some of whom occasionally travelled with him. In the summer of 1847 his health grew worse, and on 6 Oct. he died of an attack of typhoid fever, not at first considered serious. The poetical vocabulary, prepared under his direc- tion by Dr. Egilsson, was ready for publica- tion in 1846. In the following year Cleasby caused five words to be set up in type as specimens of the prose dictionary. Nothing else appeared to exist in a state fit for print, and arrangements were made for the com- pletion of the work at Copenhagen. ' Mr. Cleasby's heirs,' says Dean Liddell, ' paid a considerable sum of money to certain per- sons ; but in 1854 came a demand for more money, and as it seemed doubtful whether the work was likely to be finished in any reasonable time, and on any reasonable terms, it was determined that the whole of the manuscripts should be sent to London.' Cleasby's own manuscript materials, how- i ever, were retained, and the transcripts made ' after his death proved so unsatisfactory that the whole work had to be done over again. In 1864 the task was undertaken by Mr. ! Gudbrand Yigfusson, an Icelander, and, at the instance of Sir G. W. Dasent, defrayed by a grant from the delegates of the Claren- don Press. The work, a noble monument of industry and scholarship, was eventually : completed in 1873, and published with a preface by Dean Liddell, and an introduction and memoir of Cleasby by Sir G. W. Dasent. Cleasby's own autographic materials, even- tually given up, arrived too late to be used, and proved in every respect superior to the transcripts which had cost so much time and money. ' The dictionary as it now stands,' j says Dasent, ' is far more the work of Vig- j fusson than of Cleasby ; ' but while many | men would have been competent to make good the deficiencies and amend the imperfections of Cleasby's unfinished labours, there was perhaps not another who, with every tempta- tion to lead a life of leisure and amusement, would have voluntarily, from pure philologi- cal and literary enthusiasm, have engaged in j an undertaking so arduous and expensive. The value of his work to his own country, as i well as to Iceland, is ably pointed out in an article in the ' Edinburgh Review,' vol. cxl., by Mr. Henry Reeve. The specimens of his correspondence given in Dasent's ' Memoirs ' exhibit him in the light of a sensible and amiable man, with strong family affections. [Dasent's Memoirs prefixed to Cleasby and Vigfusson's Icelandic-English Dictionary ; Edin- burgh Review, vol. cxl.] E. G. CLEAVER, EUSEBY (1746-1819), archbishop of Dublin, was a native of Buck- inghamshire, beinjg a son of the Rev. "William Cleaver, master of a school atTwyfordinthat county, and a younger brother of William Cleaver [q.v.], bishop successively of Chester, Bangor, and St. Asaph. He was educated on the foundation at Westminster School, whence he was elected to Christ Church, Ox- ford, in 1763. He graduated B.A. in 1767, M.A. in 1770, B.D. and D.D. in 1783. In 1774 he was presented to the rectory of Spofforth, Yorkshire, which he held till 1783, when Lord Egremont, whose tutor he had been, presented him to the rectories of Tillington and .of Pet worth, Sussex. He became prebendary of Hova Villa in the church of Chichester in 1787, and in the same year, through the in- terest of his brother, the bishop of St. Asaph, who had been tutor to the Marquis of Buck- ingham, he was appointed chaplain to that nobleman, then going to Ireland as viceroy for the second time. In March 1789 he was promoted to the sees of Cork and Ross, and in June the same year he was translated to the sees of Ferns and Leighlin. He suffered heavy losses by the rebellion of 1798, having his palace plundered and his library and property of all kinds de- stroyed, but he himself escaped personal vio- lence. In August 1809 he was raised to the archbishopric of Dublin. His mind eventu- ally became impaired, and the functions of the see were discharged by a coadjutor for some years previously to his death at Tun- bridge Wells, Kent, in December 1819. His wife, by whom he had several children, died 1 May 1816. This prelate was ' as eminent for his mild- ness and condescension as he was for his great piety and extensive learning.' His only pub- lication is a ' Sermon preached before the In- corporated Society in Dublin for Promoting English Protestant Schools in Ireland,' Dub- lin, 1792, 4to. A portrait of him, painted by Stewart, has been engraved by J. Grozer. [Welsh's Alumni Westmon. ed. Phillimore, pp. 362, 372, 379, 460, 462 ; Cat. of Oxford Gra- duates, ed. 1851, p. 132 ; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 279 ; Gent, Mag. Ixxxix. pt. ii. p. 564 ; Cotton's Fasti Eccl. Hibern. ed. 1847, i. 190, ii. 27, 343 ; Mant's Hist, of the Church of Ireland, ii. 757.] T. C. Cleaver Cleeve CLEAVER, WILLIAM (1742-1815), bishop of St. Asaph, is a remarkable instance of a man with many substantial claims to remembrance being principally remembered through a trivial accident. He was the eldest son of the Rev. W. Cleaver, master of a pri- vate school at Twyford in Buckinghamshire, and was the elder brother of Archbishop Cleaver [q. v.] He was at Magdalen College, Oxford, and after taking hisB. A. degree, 1761, was a fellow of Brasenose College ; he became M. A. on 2 May 1764, and in 1768 was a can- didate for the Bodleian librarianship. The votes between him and his competitor Price were equal, and the latter was appointed on account of being a few months the senior. Cleaver became tutor to the Marquis of Buck- ingham. He was successively made vicar of Xorthop in Flintshire, prebendary of West- minster (1784), master of Brasenose College (1785), bishop ol Chester (1787), of Bangor (1800), and of St. Asaph (1806). He re- tained the headship of Brasenose until 1809, and almost constantly lived there, ' such,' observes his biographer in the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' ' was his attachment to the place of his education.' He must, however, have occasionally resided in his diocese, for it was at Bangor that, in 1802, he cautioned an old servant who let apartments against a stray lodger who the bishop thought might be no better than a swindler. This suspicious per- sonage was no other than Thomas De Quincey, whose wrath blazed up immediately, and who in turn exasperated his landlady by ' a harsh and contemptuous expression, which I fear that I applied to the learned dignitary him- self.' He had to quit his lodgings, and, after abandoning his original intention of remon- strating with his lordship in Greek, dismissed the matter from his mind till he came to write the ' English Opium-eater,' when, feeling that he had been somewhat unreasonable, he indemnified the bishop by recording that to him ' Brasenose was indebted for its leader- ship at that era in scholarship and discipline,' which reputation after his retirement ' ran down as suddenly as it had run up ; ' and that in his academic character ' he might almost be called a reformer, a wise, temperate, and successful reformer.' This encomium, founded no doubt on facts ascertained by De Quincey during his subsequent residence at Oxford, protects Cleaver's name from the oblivion which has overtaken his writings. The most important of these were ' De Rhythmo Grsecorum,' 1775, and ' Directions to the Clergy of the Diocese of Chester on the Choice of Books,' 1789. He also edited the beautiful Homer printed at Oxford by the Grenville family. As a bishop he is com- mended for benevolence, for discrimination in the exercise of patronage, and for encou- raging among his clergy, by the erection of parsonage houses, that residence of which he did not set the example. He was also a good deal interested in the higher education of women. Cleaver died 15 May 1815 in Bru- ton Street, London. [Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxiii. pt. i. pp. 563, 564, ii. 213 ; De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium-eater, pp. 122-8, ed. 1862 ; Abbey's Eng- lish Church and its Bishops, 1700-1800, ii.273.] K. a. CLEEVE, BOURCHIER (d. 1760), writer on finance, a prosperous pewterer in. London, was probably the son of Alexander Cleeve, pewterer in Cornhill, who died on 11 ApTill738(Gent.Maff. April 1738, p. 221). Cleeve's name is mentioned in 1755 as pay- ing a fine to be excused serving the office of sheriff. About this date he acquired an estate in Foots Cray, Kent, once the property of Sir Francis Walsingham. Here ' he pulled down the old seat, and erected, at some dis- tance northward from it, an elegant mansion of freestone, after a design of Palladio, and enclosed a park round it, which he embel- lished with plantations of trees, an artificial canal, &c.' This house was called Foots Cray Place. Cleeve also acquired a good deal of other land in Kent before his death, which took place on 1 March 1760. Cleeve was survived by his wife and daughter, both named Elizabeth. The latter inherited the estates, which in 1765 came into the posses- sion of Sir George Yonge, bart., by his mar- riage with her. Cleeve wrote 'A Scheme for preventing a further Increase of the National Debt, and for reducing the same/ inscribed to the Earl of Chesterfield (1756). The scheme was simply to impose a consider- able tax on houses, and to repeal ' an equiva- lent amount of taxes on commodities.' A part of this tract was taken up with estimates of the amount subtracted in taxes from in- comes of various magnitude. Cleeve's esti- mates were much exaggerated, as was con- clusively shown in ' J. Massie's Letter to Bourchier Cleeve, Esq., concerning his Cal- culations of Taxes ' (1757). [Gent. Mag. July 1755, p. 330, March 1760, p. 154, January 1761, p. 44; London Magazine, March 1760, p. 163 ; Hasted's Hist, of Kent, vol. i. ; Ireland's Hist, of Kent, vol. iv. (with picture of house, p. 524) ; M'Culloch's Litera- ture of Political Economy. There is no copy of Cleeve's pamphlet in the British Museum, but there are four of Massie's reply to it. An an- swer to this, and apparently the third edition of the pamphlet, is in the Edinburgh Advocates' Library.] F. W-T. Clegg Clegg CLEGG, JAMES, M.D. (1679-17oo),pres- byterian minister, born at Shawfield in the parish of Rochdale, Lancashire, on 26 Oct. 1679, was educated by the Rev. Richard Frankland at Rathmell in Yorkshire, and the Rev. John Chorlton at Manchester. In 1702 he settled as minister of a presbyterian congre- gation at Malcalf or Malcoffe in Derbyshire, in succession to the Rev. William Bagshaw Eij. v.], the ' Apostle of the Peak,' and in 1711 e removed to Chinley, where a chapel had been built, partly from the old materials of the Malcalf meeting-house. At Chinley he remained until his death, on 5 Aug. 1755. He qualified himself as a medical man and obtained the degree of M.D. This step was no doubt taken in order that he might have the means of adding to the slender income he would receive as a village dissenting pastor. During his long residence in the Peak dis- trict he gained great respect for his distin- guished abilities and kindly character. In 1703 he, in conjunction with the Rev. John Ashe [q. v.], edited William Bagshaw's ' Essays on Union unto Christ,' and shortly afterwards he wrote an ' advertisement ' pre- fixed to Mr. Ashe's ' Peaceable and Thankful Temper recommended,' the subject of which is the union of England and Scotland. In 1721 he published a discourse on the ' Cove- nant of Grace' (pp. 71), written in answer to the Rev. Samuel De la Rose of Stockport ; and in 1731 he printed a sermon which he had preached at the ordination of John Hol- land, jun., entitled ' The Continuance of the Christian Church secured by its Constitu- tion.' In 1736 he wrote a little book which is valuable for its biographical information, entitled 'A Discourse occasion'd by the sudden death of the Reverend Mr. John Ashe : to which is added a Short Account of his Life and Character, and of some others in or near the High Peak in Derbyshire, as an appendix to the Rev. Mr. William Bag- shaw's Book " De Spiritualibus Pecci "'(12ino, pp. 109). He subsequently edited a collec- tion of ' Seventeen Sermons ' preached by his friend John Ashe (1741, 8vo). Clegg was married in 1703 to Ann Champion. [History of Chesterfield, J839, p. 130; Sir Thomas Baker's Memorials of a Dissenting Chapel, 1884, p. 101 ; 0. Heywood's Diaries, ed. Turner, iv. 318, 321; Urwick's Nonconformity in Cheshire, 1864, p. 293 ; Brit. Mus. and Man- chester Free Library Catalogues.] C. W. S. CLEGG, JOHN (1714P-1746?), violinist, is said to have been born in Ireland, and to have studied the violin under Dubourg and Buononcini. He travelled in Italy with Lord Ferrers, and made his first appearance in London in 1723, when he played a con- certo by Vivaldi. For several years he stood at the head of his profession as an executant, but over-study drove him mad, and on 21 Jan. 1 743-4 he was confined in Bethlehem Hospi- tal, where during his sane intervals he was al- lowed to play on the violin. Burney relates that it was long ' a fashionable, though in- human amusement to visit him there ... in hopes of being entertained by his fiddle or his folly,' and adds that ' no one who ever heard him would allow that he was excelled by any performer in Europe on the violin.' He was discharged as cured 20 July 1744, but on 15 Dec. of the same year was readmitted, and remained in the hospital until 13 Oct. 1746, when he was again discharged, his con- dition at this time not being stated. His death is aupposed to have occurred shortly afterwards. Before his admission to the hos- pital Clegg lived in the parish of St. James's Westminster. [Burney, in Kees's Cyclopaedia ; Grove's Diet, of Music and Musicians, i. ; Hawkins's Hist, of Music, v. 361 ; Burney's Hist, of Music, iv. 609 ; Chrysander's G. F. Handel, ii. 256 ; Records of Bethlehem Hospital, communicated by Mr. G. H. Haydon.] W. B. S. CLEGG, SAMUEL (1781-1861), inventor and gas engineer, born at Manchester on 2 March 1781, received a scientific educa- tion under the care of Dr. Dalton. He was then apprenticed to Boulton and Watt, and at the Soho factory witnessed many of Wil- liam Murdoch's earlier experiments in the use of coal gas. He profited so well by his residence there that he was soon engaged by Mr. Henry Lodge to adapt the new lighting system to his cotton mills at Sowerby Bridge, near Halifax ; and finding the necessity for some simpler method of purifying the gas, he invented the lime purifiers. After removing to London, he lighted in 1813 with gas the establishment of Mr. Rudolph Ackermann, printseller, 101 Strand. Here his success was so pronounced that it brought him promi- nently forward, and in the following year he became the engineer of the Chartered Gas Company. He made many unsuccessful attempts to construct a dry meter which would register satisfactorily ; but in 1816 patented a water meter which has been the basis of all the subsequent improvements in the method of measuring gas. For some years he was actively engaged in the construction of gasworks, or in advising on the formation of new gas companies ; but in an evil hour he joined an engineering establishment at Liverpool, in which he lost everything he possessed, and had to commence the world Cleghorn 2 afresh. He was afterwards employed by the Portuguese government as an engineer, and in that capacity reconstructed the mint at Lisbon, and executed several other public works. On his return to England railway works engaged his attention, but unfortu- nately he became fascinated with the at- mospheric system. Its entire failure as a practicable plan of useful locomotion was a great blow to him, and he never after took any very active part in public affairs. He was appointed by the government one of the surveying officers for conducting preliminary inquiries on applications for new gas bills, and he occupied his spare time in contributing to the elaborate treatise on manufacture of coal gas published by his son in 1850. He became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1829, and took a prominent part in the discussions at its meetings. He died at Fairfield House, Adelaide Road, Haver- stock HiU, Middlesex, 8 Jan. 1861. SAMUEL CLEGG, the younger, only son of the above, born at Westminster 2 April 1814, was employed as an assistant engineer on the Greenwich, Great Western, and Eastern Counties (afterwards the Great Eastern) lines, and as resident engineer on the South- ampton and Dorchester railway in 1844. Pre- viously to this he had made a trigonometri- cal survey of part of the Algarves in Portu- gal in 1836. He was appointed professor of civil engineering and architecture at Putney College in 1849, and in the same year lecturer on civil engineering to the royal engineers at Chatham, which latter post he held to his death. In 1855 he was sent by the govern- ment to Demerara to report upon the sea walls there, and to superintend t he works for their re- storation. He died at Putney, Surrey, 25 July 1856, aged only forty-three. At the time of his decease he was engaged in maturing a plan for removing all the gas manufactories in London to a considerable distance from the metropolis, and concentrating them at a spot on the Essex shore. He was author of a treatise on coal-gas, 1850. [Minutes of Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers, i. 138 (1841), xvi. 121-4 (1857), xxi. 552-4 (1862).] G. C. B. CLEGHORN, GEORGE, M.D. (1716- 1789), physician, born at Granton, near Edin- burgh, on 18 Dec. 17l6, was the youngest of five children. He began his education in the grammar school of his native parish of Cramond, and entered the university of Edinburgh as a student of physic under Dr. Alexander Monro in 1731, and lived in his house. In the same year, when Dr. Fothergill went to Edinburgh, he made Cleghorn's ac- quaintance, and they became friends and cor- Cleghorn respondents for life. In 1736 Cleghorn was appointed surgeon to the 22nd regiment of foot, then stationed in Minorca, and he re- mained in that island till Offarrell's regiment was ordered to Dublin in 1749. Cleghorn had corresponded in Latin with Fothergill on the medical observations which he made in Minorca, and on his return from the Medi- terranean was persuaded by his friend to col- lect and arrange the contents of these letters. The work was ready for the press in 1750,. and while Cleghorn was superintending its publication in London he attended the ana- tomical lectures of Dr. William Hunter. The book appeared in 1751, and is called ' Observa- tions on the Epidemical Diseases in Minorca from the year 1744 to 1749.' After an in- troduction, giving a general account of the climate, natives, and natural history of the island, with meteorological tables and lists of the plants and animals, with the native names of the several species, Cleghorn summa- rises his observations on the diseases of the natives and of the British troops in seven chapters. These are all full of original ob- servation, and entitle the book to a perma- nent place among English medical treatises. The author made many post-mortem exami- nations, and a copy of his book in the library of the College of Physicians, which belonged to Dr. Matthew Baillie, bears internal evi- dence that the great morbid anatomist valued it. Cleghorn recognised the fact that many otherwise inexplicable statements in the Hip- pocratic writings become clear when studied by the light of clinical observations on the Mediterranean coasts, and that the obscu- rity depends upon the circumstance that dis- eases, both acute and chronic, are there often modified in a way rarely seen in the north, by their concurrence with malarial fever. The pathology of enteric fever and acute pneu- monia was unknown in Cleghorn's time, but his book gives a clear account of the course of enteric fever complicated with tertian ague, with dysentery, and with pneumonia, and he keeps so strictly to what he really observed at the bedside, that the usefulness of his ob- servations is scarcely impaired by the facts that he regarded the incidental pleurisy as the chief feature of inflammation of the lungs, and that he held the doctrine forty years later demolished by Baillie, that polypus of the heart was a frequent cause of death. Any one going to practise in Minorca may still read Cleghorn's book with profit. Four editions were published during the author's lifetime, and a fifth with some unwarrantable altera- tions in 1815. Cleghorn settled in Dublin in 1751, and began to give lectures in anatomy, and a few years later was made first lecturer C leghorn on anatomy in the university, and afterwards professor. The index or summary of his lec- tures shows that they were not confined to the mere details of human anatomy, but in- cluded both comparative and surgical anatomy and the general principles of physiology ( In- dex of Lectures, Dublin, 1756). Cleghorn was successful in practice, and in his later years spent much of his time on a little farm of his own near Dublin. His general learn- ing was considerable, and he was one of the original members of the Royal Irish Academy. He had no children of his own, but devoted his means and care to the nine children of a deceased brother. One of these, William Cleghorn, took the degree of M.D. at Edin- burgh in 1779, published a thesis on the theory of fire, and gave promise of distinction, but died a few years after his graduation. In Lettsom's ' Memoir ' there is a portrait of Cleghorn from an original drawing. It re- presents him as a stoutly built man, with a broad and deep forehead, and a most kindly expression of face. He died in December 1789. [Lettsom's Memoirs of Fothergill, Cleghorn, and others, London, 1786; Dr. Baillie's copy of Diseases in Minorca ; Cleghorn's Index of Lec- tures, Dublin, 1756 and 1767.] N. M. CLEGHORN, JAMES (1778-1838), Scottish actuary, was a native of Dunse, where he was born in 1778. For some time he followed the vocation of a farmer, but in 1811 he removed to Edinburgh, where he edited the ' Farmers' Journal.' In 1817, along with Thomas Pringle, he became editor of the ' Edinburgh Monthly Magazine,' of which only six numbers were issued, and regarding which the editors published' Notice of the Transactions between the Publisher and Editors of the " Edinburgh Monthly Magazine." ' Subsequently he became con- nected with the ' Scots Magazine.' He was the author of a pamphlet on the 'Depressed State of Agriculture,' 1822, and to the seventh edition of the ' Encyclopaedia Brit annica ' con- tributed the article on ' Agriculture,' which was also published separately. Cleghorn was the projector and founder of the Scottish Provident Assurance Company, of which he was manager. He was also actuary of the Edinburgh National Security Savings Banks. He enjoyed a high reputation for his skill as an actuary and accountant, which was shown in his ' Widows' Scheme for the Faculty of Advocates,' his ' Report on the first Investi- gation of the Widows' Fund ' of that body, and his ' Report on the Widows' Fund of the Writers to her Majesty's Signet.' He died unmarried on 27 May 1838. 5 Clein [Anderson's Scottish Nation ; Modern Athe- nians ; Catalogue of the Library of the Faculty of Advocates, Edinburgh.] T. F. H. CLEIN or CLEYN, FRANCIS (1590 ?- 1658), draughtsman, ornamental painter, and etcher, was born at Rostock in Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, and while a youth displayed such abilities that he was retained in the service of Christian IV, king of Denmark. During this time he painted, in 1611, a half- length portrait of Christian, now in the gal- lery of Copenhagen, and executed decorative works in the castle of Rosenberg and other places. Here, too, he met Sir Robert An- struther, then ambassador extraordinary from England to the court of Denmark. He was- sent to Italy to study, and remained there four years, studying at Rome and Venice ; at Venice he was introduced to Sir Henry Wotton, then English ambassador to the republic. After returning to Denmark he proceeded to England with letters of intro- duction from Anstruther and Wotton to Charles, then prince of Wales. He found Charles away on his expedition with Buck- ingham to Spain, but was warmly received by James I, who saw in him the very man he wanted for the new tapestry manufac- tory which he had recently set up under Sir Francis Crane [q. v.] at Mortlake. So anxious was he to obtain Clein's services that he wrote in person to the king of Denmark, requesting that Clein, who had to return to Denmark to finish some work for the king, might be allowed to return to England, and offering to pay all expenses. The request was granted, and Clein returned to England to enter the service of Prince Charles, and was immediately employed at Mortlake. On the accession of Charles to the throne in 1625, he rewarded Clein by granting him denization and a pension for life of 100/. per annum. He also built for him at Mortlake a residence near the tapestry manufactory. Here Clein settled with his family, and superintended the copying of cartoons, and designed the frames in which the subjects were enclosed in the tapestry. Charles sent down five out of the seven original cartoons of Raphael from the Acts of the Apostles, then recently acquired, to be copied and reproduced in tapestry under Clein's direction. Copies of these were made by Clein's sons, Francis and John, and they were worked into tapestry at Mortlake. These and the other produc- tions of the Mortlake manufactory were held in high estimation, especially in France, and dispersed over the continent. A set of six pieces, representing the history of Hero and Leander, from Clein's designs, were at Clein Cleland the Louvre in Paris ; and there are some fine pieces of grotesque at Petworth. The grotesques and other ornaments in these works, a line in which Clein appears to have been unrivalled, have always oeen greatly admired, and some modern authorities have had no hesitation in ascribing them to the hand of Vandyck or some more famous painter, ignoring the fact that Clein was spoken of at the time as a second Titian, and as ' il famosissimo pittore, miracolo del se- colo.' Clein was also largely employed by the nobility to decorate their mansions. Samples of his work in this line were to be seen at Somerset House, Carew House, Par- son's Green, Hanworth Palace, Wimbledon House, Stone Park, Northamptonshire, Bol- sover Castle, and the Gilt Room at Holland House. With the civil war there came a check to Clein's prosperity, and we find him chiefly employed in etching and designing illustrations for books ; in 1632 he had al- ready provided the illustrations (engraved by P. Lombart and S. Savery) to Sandys's edition of Ovid's ' Metamorphoses,' of which an edition was published in Paris in 1637. He designed the illustrations, ornamental head-pieces, &c., to the editions of the classics published by Ogilby fq. v.], viz. '/Esop's Fables' (1651), 'Virgil' (English edition, 1654, Latin 1658), and ' Homer/ (1660). His designs were engraved by P. Lombart, W. Faithorne, and W. Hollar, and were so much admired that the king of France had those for Virgil copied in a special edition of his own. Clein etched title-pages for E. Montagu's 'Lacrymae Musarum' (1650), Thomas Fuller's ' A Pisgah-sight of Pales- tine ' (1650), a frontispiece to ' Lysis, or the Extravagant Shepherd,' and perhaps the etch- ings in the 1654 and 1660 editions of that work. He published in the form of gro- tesques some sets of original etchings, viz. ' Septem Liberates Artes ' (1645), ' Varii Zophori Figuris Animalium ornati ' (1645), ' Quinque Sensuum Descriptio ' (1646) ; and a friend and contemporary artist, a Mr. Eng- lish, etched some grotesques (1654), and a humorous piece from Clein's designs. There are other etchings in the print room at the British Museum, attributed with great pro- bability to Clein. Although he retained his house at Mortlake, he resided for some time in Covent Garden, and died in London in 1658 at an advanced age. He left three sons, Francis, John (both mentioned above), and Charles, and three daughters, Sarah, Magdalen, and Penelope. Francis Clein, the younger, was born in 1625, and was buried at Covent Garden 21 Oct. 1650. With his brother John he followed his father's pro- fession, and they both attained repute as draughtsmen and miniature painters. It is difficult to distinguish their work from that of their father. A series of drawings of the cartoons of Raphael were found at Ken- sington Palace ; they bear the dates 1640- 1646, are executed on a large scale, and highly finished; some are signed by John Clein, and were evidently executed by him and his brother at Mortlake. They were seen by Evelyn, who states that the brothers were then both dead. Penelope Clein ap- pears to have been also a miniature painter, and to her have been ascribed two miniatures of Cecil, lord Roos (1677), and Dorothea, daughter of Richard Cromwell (1668), signed P. C. A portrait of Clein was engraved by Chambers for Walpole's 'Anecdotes,' and Mr. English had a picture of Clein and his family, which was afterwards in the posses- sion of Mr. Crawley at Hempsted, Hertford- shire ; there also seems to have been in exis- tence a portrait of Clein and his family by candlelight. Evelyn describes Clein as a ' most pious man.' [Redgrave's Diet, of English Artists; Wai- pole's Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Dallaway and Wornum ; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England ; Nagler's Kiinstler-Lexikon ; Nagler's Monogram- misten ; Dansk Konstner-Lexikon ; Evelyn's Sculptura; Gent. Mag. (1787), Ivii. 853-5; Scharf ' s Royal Galleries ; Ruland's Notes on Raphael's Cartoons ; Cal. of State Papers, Dom. Ser. (1627) ; Lysons's Environs of London ; Man- ning and Bray's History of Surrey; Andresen's Handbuch fur Kupferstichsammler ; Guiffrey's Van Dyck ; Guiffrey's Histoire de la Tapisserie ; Rymer's Foedera, vol. xviii. ; Fuller's Worthies (1811), ii.] L. C. CLELAND, JAMES (1770-1840), sta- tistician, was a native of Glasgow, and began life as a cabinet-maker, but having migrated to London, obtained in 1814 the post of superintendent of public works. In 1819 he was employed by the municipal authorities of Glasgow in taking a census of that town, the first ever taken in the United Kingdom. He was similarly employed in 1821 and 1831. He published : 1. ' Annals of Glasgow,' Glas- gow, 1816, 8vo. 2. 'Rise and Progress of the City of Glasgow,' Glasgow, 1820, 8vo. 3. ' Enumeration of the Inhabitants of Glas- gow,' Glasgow, 1832, fol. 4. 'Historical Account of Bills of Mortality of the Pro- bability of Human Life in Glasgow and other large towns,' Glasgow, 1836, 8vo. 5. ' De- scription of the Banquet in honour of the Right Honourable Sir R. Peel, Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow, 13 Jan. 1837,' Glasgow, 1837, 4to. 6. 'Description of the City of Glasgow,' Glasgow, 1843, 8vo. Cleland Cleland [Irving's Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen ; Martin's Contributions to English Literature by the Civil Servants of the Crown ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] J. M. K. CLELAND, JOHN (1709-1789), novel- ist, was probably a son of William Cleland (1674P-1741) [q. v.] He was entered at Westminster School in 1722, was afterwards a consul at Smyrna, and thence went as far as Bombay, where in 1736 he was in the service of the East India Company. He soon left Bom- bay in a destitute condition somewhat hur- riedly, and for unknown reasons connected with a quarrel with the members of the council at Bombay : and for many years subse- quently wandered from city to city in Europe without any defined employment, and is said to have been more than once in a debtors' prison in England. In 1750 he published (1) ' Fanny Hill, or the Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure,' 2 vols. 1 2mo, a scandalously indecent book, for which he received twenty guineas from Griffiths. A first part had appeared pre- viously in 1748, and a second in 1749. The book obtained an enormous sale, and is said to have brought Griffiths a profit of 10,000/. This was followed in 1751 by (2) ' Memoirs of a Coxcomb,' 12mo, a work of greater merit. His first work, however, was so licen- tious that Cleland was summoned before the privy council, where he pleaded his poverty as an excuse. No punishment was inflicted upon Cleland, but a bookseller (Drybutter), who is said to have altered the language of the book for the worse after it had been favourably noticed in the ' Monthly Review ' (ii. 451-2), was made to stand in the pillory in 1757. Lord Granville, who had been at the council, procured Cleland a pension of 1001. a year, in order that he might make a worthier use of his talents, or perhaps with a view to his prospective services as a news- paper writer. After this Cleland wrote for the theatre and for the newspapers. His productions appeared chiefly in the ' Public Advertiser,' under various signatures, such as ' Modestus ' or ' A Briton.' His dramatic works were : (3) ' Titus Vespasian,' 8vo, 1755. (4) ' The Ladies' Subscription, a Dramatic Performance designed for an introduction to a dance,' 8vo, 1755. (5) ' Timbo-Chiqui, or the American Savage, a Dramatic Entertain- ment in Three Acts,' 8vo, 1758. He now turned his attention to the more serious study of the English language, especially as to its connection with Celtic. In 1766 he published (6) ' The Way to Things by Words and to Words by Things ; being a sketch of an At- tempt at the Retrieval of the Ancient Celtic or primitive language of Europe ; to which is added a succinct account of the Sanscrit, or the learned language of the Bramins ; also two Essays, the one on the origin of the Mu- sical Waits at Christmas, the other on the real secret of the Freemasons,' London, 1766, 8vo. How ill Cleland was equipped for phi- lological studies may be gathered from the spelling of a pamphlet issued by him in 1787 : (7) ' Specimen of an Etimological Vocabu- lary or Essay by means of the Anilitic Method to retrieve the Ancient Celtic.' Besides these works he published : (8) ' Surprises of Love,' London, 1765, 12mo, and (9) ' The Man of Honour,' London, 17 , 12mo, 3 vols. The latter years of his life were spent in great obscurity, and he died in Petty France on 23 Jan. 1789. [Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 457-8, viii. 412 ; Gent. Mag. 1789 ; Forster's Life of Goldsmith, i. xxx, 2nd edit. ; Biog. Drain. ; Biog. Brit. ; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual ; Welch's Alumni Westm.] E. S. S. CLELAND, WILLIAM (1661 P-1689), covenanting colonel and poet, son of Thomas Cleland, gamekeeper to the Marquis of Dou- glas (WoDKOW, History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, i. 524), was born about 1661. From references in his poems to the county town of Dumfries, and to the rivers Nith and Annan, it has been supposed that he was a native of Dumfriesshire, but the probability is that he was born and brought up near Douglas Castle in Lanark- shire, where the Marquis of Douglas chiefly resided. He was educated at the univer- sity of St. Andrews, where he entered St. Salvator's College in 1676, and was matricu- lated on 2 March 1677 (Records of St. An- drews University quoted in note byT. M'Crie , to Memoirs of William Veitch, p. 108). The statement of James Watson in ' Choice Col- lection of Comic and Serious Scots Songs,' 1706, that Cleland wrote the additional verses to ' Hullo, my fancie ' while a student ' in the college of Edinburgh,' must therefore be regarded as an error, although, substitut- I ing St. Andrews for Edinburgh, we may I accept the statement that he wrote them during his 'last year at college, not then fully eighteen years of age.' Immediately after leaving the university, Cleland attached himself to the covenanters, and was present at Drumclog on 1 June 1679, one version of this encounter attributing to him the ar- rangements which resulted in the total de- feat of Claverhouse's dragoons. He then joined the covenanting army assembled near Hamilton, and acted as one of the captains at Bothwell Bridge. In the proclamation after the battle denouncing the leaders of the insurgents, he and his brother are described as ' James and William Clelands, brother-in- Cleland Cleland law to John Haddoway, merchant in Dou- glas.' He escaped arrest by going to Holland, and in a manuscript in the Advocates' Library, quoted by T. M'Crie in 'Memoirs of William Veitch,' is stated to have been sick there in November 1680. There is every probability that while in Holland he studied civil law at Utrecht, for he published there ' Disputatio Juridica de Probationibus' in 1684. He was present at the meeting held at Amsterdam on 17 April 1685 to concert measures for a descent j on Scotland under the Earl of Argyll, and ar- ! rived there, specially commissioned, some time before the earl landed (WODEOW). After its failure he remained some time under hiding ; in the wilds of Lanarkshire and Ayrshire, j but ultimately escaped again to Holland, and in 1688 arrived in Scotland along with Dr. ' William Blackadder [q.v.] as one of the agents of the Scottish exiles in connection with the expedition of the Prince of Orange, and con- ^ ducted negotiations in preparation for the revolution. He is said to have been the author of the plot of the western covenanters, which caused Dundee suddenly to leave Edin- burgh during the meeting of the convention of estates in 1689, thus preventing the com- pletion of the plans of the Jacobite leaders tor a royalist convention at Stirling. The in- fluence of Cleland among the western cove- nanters, and his intimacy with James, earl of Angus, son of the Marquis of Douglas, suffi- ciently account for his appointment to be lieutenant-colonel of the Cameronian regi- ment (now the 26th) formed by the Earl of Angus from among the minority of the western covenanters after the majority at a great meeting held in the parish church of Douglas had decided that to take service under King William would be ' a sinful as- sociation.' In 'Faithful Contendings dis- played,' representing the views of the ex- treme covenanting party, he is referred to as ' though once with us,' yet ' afterwards a great opposer of our testimony, and a re- proacher of Mr. James Renwick and our faithful brethren both at home and abroad.' In little more than a month after it was raised, the regiment, after the death of Dun- dee at Killiecrankie, was sent to garrison Dunkeld as an outpost preparatory to a second invasion of the highlands. The de- cision of the Scottish privy council to place a body of raw undisciplined troops in such a critical position met with strong remon- strances from General Mackay ; but unjustifi- able as the arrangement would have been even in the case of veteran troops, the stern fanati- cism of the western peasants was equal to the emergency. In the face of overwhelm- ing danger their confidence and courage never for a moment blenched; and while their defence is worthy to rank among the most heroic achievements in the annals of war, fortune further rewarded it with the glory of complete victory. The implacable hostility existing between the highland Jacobites and the western covenanters doubtless led to the resolution of General Cannon to concentrate all his forces against a mere outpost. On the morning of 26 Aug. ' all the hills around Dun- keld were,' in the picturesque language of Macaulay, ' alive with bonnets and plaids,' and a force of over five thousand highlanders swarmed round the devoted band cut off" from all hope of succour, and without the defence of ramparts or heavy ordnance to ward off the immediate fury of a hostile assault. Fully aware of the critical nature of their position, the regiment had, some time before they were actually attacked, remonstrated with Colonel Cleland on his resolution to hold the town, representing that while the officers had horses to carry them out of danger, the pri- vate soldiers must remain and be butchered. In reply to this Cleland ordered all the horses to be brought out that they might be "shot ; but his words at once made the men ashamed of their apprehensions, and, declining to ac- cept any pledge, they resolved to maintain the town to the last. The desperate conflict raged for over four hours, the Cameronians for the most part taking up their position behind a wall surrounding a mansion belong- ing to the Marquis of Athole, whence they sallied forth with burning faggots on the end of long poles, and set fire to the houses from which the highlanders maintained their fire, Cleland, while directing his men, was shot through the head and liver, and fell lifeless before he could return to shelter ; but his loss only made the determination of the cove- nanters more desperate, and their unflinching resolution gradually told on the excitement of the highlanders, who, seeming suddenly to recognise that if they did at last gain the victory it would be at too dear a price, re- laxed their efforts, and began steadily to retreat. Not only had the Cameronians baffled completely their attack, but by their resolute valour had so discouraged the high- land chiefs, that they immediately returned home with their followers, and the Jacobite rising was at an end. Cleland was the author of ' A Collection of several Poems and Verses composed upon various occasions,' which appeared posthu- mously in 1697. Of the first piece in the volume, ' Hullo, my fancie, whither wilt thou go ?' displaying more ease and grace than most of his other verses, only the last nine of the seventeen stanzas are by Cleland, and were- Cleland Clement -written by him at college while in his eighteenth year. The original song had achieved popularity twenty years before the birth of Cleland, and a parody on it, printed about 1640, is among the ' Roxburghe Bal- lads,' iii. 633. Cleland's ballad was reprinted in James Watson's ' Collection ' in 1706, and by Sir Walter Scott in his 'Minstrelsy.' The most important piece in the volume of Cle- land is a ' Mock Poem on the Expedition of the Highland Host who came to destroy the Western Shires in Winter 1678,' in which the appearance and manners of the out- landish array are satirised with considerable keenness and force, but in somewhat doggerel rhyme. There is also a longer and duller ' Mock Poem on the Clergie when they met to consult about taking the Test in the year 1681.' Cleland is erroneously stated by Sir Walter Scott to have been the father of Major William Cleland, commissioner of ex- cise [q. v.] [Faithful Contendings displayed; General Mackay's Memoirs ; Memoirs of Sir Ewen Came- ron (Abbotsford Club, 1842); Wodrow's Suffer- ings of the Church of Scotland ; Memoirs of William Veitch (1825); Exact Narrative of the Conflict at Dunkekl between the Earl of Angus's Regiment and the Rebels, collected from several Officers of that Regiment who were Actors in, or Eye-witnesses of, all that's here narrated in re- ference to those Actions ; Letter of Lieutenant (afterwards Lieutenant- colonel) Blackadder to his brother, dated Dunkeld, 21 Aug. 1689, inserted in Crichton's Life and Diary of Colonel Black- adder ; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ix. 493 ; Irving's History of Scottish Poetry, 581-5 ; His- tories of Hill Burton and Lord Macaulay.] T. F. H. CLELAND, WILLIAM (1674 P-1741), friend of Pope, was of Scotch birth. He studied at Utrecht, served in Spain under Lord Rivers, and after the peace became a commissioner of customs in Scotland, and after 1723 of the land tax and house duties in England. He died on 21 Sept. 1741, in his sixty-eighth year, having been dismissed from his office (worth 500/. a year) two months previously. He is known chiefly from his connection with Pope. Pope presented a portrait of himself by Jervas, and a copy of the Homer, to Cleland, with the inscription, ' Mr. Cleland, who reads all other books, will please read this from his affectionate friend, A. Pope.' A letter, obviously written by Pope, but signed William Cleland (dated 22 Dec. 1728), was prefixed to later editions of the ' Dunciad.' Pope also made use of Cle- land to write a letter to Gay (16 Dec. 1731) in contradiction of the report that ' Timon ' was intended for James Brydges, duke of Chandos [q. v.] A note by Pope on the ' Dun- ciad ' letter is the chief authority for the facts of his life ; some writers at the time of its first publication had even denied Cleland's exis- tence. There is no doubt of the facts men- tioned, but other statements about Cleland are contradictory. Scott, in his edition of Swift, described him as the son of Colonel W. Cleland [q. v.], which is impossible, as Colonel Cleland was born about 1661. He is also said to have been the prototype of Will Honeycomb, which is improbable from a consideration of dates. Neither can he be I identified with a Colonel Cleland with whom 1 Swift dined on 31 March 1713. He and Mrs. | Cleland are mentioned in Swift's correspon- j dence by Mrs. Kelly and Mrs. Barber as known to Swift (Scon's Swift, iii. 195, xviii. 195, xix. 91). Pope (3 Nov. 1730) asks Lord Oxford to recommend a son of Cleland's, who was then at Christ Church, having been elected from Westminster in 1 728. Another son was probably John Cleland [q. v.], a disreputable person, who was also at Westminster in 1722, and who was mentioned in his lifetime as the son of Pope's friend. His father's portrait, in the fashionable costume of the day, is said always to have hung in the son's library. [Carruthers's Life of Pope (1857), 258-63, where all the evidence is given ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 457-8 ; Oent. Mag. 1735, p. 500, 1741, p. 500, 1789, p. 180 ; Welch's Queen's Scholars of Westminster, 276, 281, 297.] CLEMENT SCOTUS I ( fl. 745) was a bishop, doubtless a native of Ireland, resident in the Frankish realm in the time of St. Boniface, archbishop of Mentz, against whose attempts to introduce the complete Roman discipline into Germany he strenuously, but in vain, contended. The archbishop cited him before a synod in 743 or 744, at which Carloman and Pippin were present, and Cle- ment was deprived of his priesthood and con- demned to imprisonment for sundry acts and opinions deemed heretical (Monum. Mogunt. pp. 133, 137, 149; WILLIBALD, Vit. S. Bonif. vii. p. 458) . Pope Zacharias, to whom the affair was reported, approved Boniface's action, and confirmed the former part of the sentence (June 22, 744 ; Ep. xlviii. p. 133). The charges against Clement were first that he had a wife (Boniface calls her a concubine) and two chil- dren ; more than this, that he j ustified marriage with a deceased brother's w'ife, in conformity with the Jewish law. In dogmatic theology he held views which seemed to contradict the Latin doctrine of predestination ; and he asserted that Christ on his rising from the dead ' delivered all Avho had been kept in pri- son, faithful and unbelievers, worshippers of Clement Clement God as well as idolaters.' This description, drawn by his enemy, probably indicates that Clement maintained a universalism of some sort. He was also accused of denying the canons of the church and rejecting the autho- rity of SS. Jerome, Augustine, and Gregory (see for the Avhole, Monum. Mogunt. pp. 133, 140, 141, 146). He had in fact brought into collision with the unfriendly rigour of Latin Christianity those freer usages and more spe- culative habits of thought which prevailed in the churches of Ireland, at this time the fountain-head of literary culture and mis- sionary enterprise for the west of Europe. The German opponents of Boniface, who seem to have been in a majority (cf. Ep. Ixvi. p. 187), must have supported Clement.; for when the matter was brought before a synod at Rome, 25 Oct. 745 (not 746 or 748, as was formerly supposed ; cf. Histoire litteraire de la France, iv. 83, 109), Deneard, Boniface's represen- tative, stated that the archbishop was power- less to close his mouth. The synod confirmed Boniface's action, anathematised Clement, and once more declared him to be deprived of his orders (see the Acts, pp. 136-48 ; cf. Ep. li. p. 151, liii. p. 155) ; but in spite of this sentence Clement persisted in his opinions, and so soon as 5 Jan. 747 we find the mild pope writing again to Boniface, enjoining him to re-examine the whole question at a council which was shortly to be held in Germany, and to do his best to bring Clement to re- pentance ; should he prove contumacious, he was to be sent on to Rome (Ep. Ixiii. pp. 182, 183). The issue of the affair is not known ; but it is probable that Clement's case from the beginning was prejudiced by the fact that his opinions were mixed up in all the pro- ceedings with those of a certain Adelbert, who held views of a very fanatical character. Clement, on the other hand, to judge even from the meagre and distorted accounts of his doctrine which we possess, seems to re- present in some ways the free characteristics of Irish theology which found a lasting and vital expression in the writings of his great countryman, John Scotus, a century later. This Clement has been often confounded with the subject of the following article ; cf. Dempster, 'Hist. Eccl. Gent. Scot.' iii. 177, 178. [The correspondence of Zacharias and Boni- face, the Acts of the Koman Synod, and the Life by Willibald, are all in the Monuments Mogun- tina (Jaffe's Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum, vol. iii.), Berlin, 1866. Compare Gfrorer's All- gemeine Kirchengeschichte, iii. 526-33 '(Stutt- gart, 1844), and Neander's History of the Chris- tian Keligion and Church, v. 76-80 (Stebbing's translation, 1849).] R. L. P. CLEMENT Scoxus II (fi. 820), gram- marian, arrived, according to the old tra- dition, from Ireland on the coast of Gaul, in company with another scholar of his na- tion, about the time when Charles the Great ' began to reign alone in the west,' that is, after the death of Carloman in 771. The two men were warmly received at the Prankish court, and Clement was entrusted with the education of a number of pupils, apparently at the royal court. This appointment has been naturally connected with the foundation of the ' schola palatina,' which formed a cha- racteristic feature in Charles's domestic or- ganisation. The older French scholars, as du Boulay (Historia Universitatis Parisiensis, i. 568), assuming that the school was esta- blished at Paris, claimed Clement accordingly as one of the founders of the university of some four centuries later date. The account, how- ever, of Clement's appearance in the Frank- ish realm rests solely upon the authority of the monk of St. Gall ( Gesta Karoli Magni, i. 1, 3, in JAFFE, Bibliotheca Rerum Germa- nicarum, iv. 632, 633), who wrote towards the end of the ninth century, and whose narrative is admitted to contain a large element of fable. Yet some scholars who discredit the story still maintain that the unnamed Scot, or rather band of Scots, whose influence at the palace roused the opposition of Alcuin (Ep. xcviii. in JAFFE'S Bibliotheca, vi. 107 et seq.) and of Bishop Theodulf of Orleans (Carm. xxxv. in DUMMLEK'S Poetce Latini &vi Carolini, i. 487 et seq. 1881), must neces- sarily designate Clement. This identification was merely suggested by Mabillon (Acta SS. Ord. S. Bened. sec. iv. pt. i. praef. p. cxxxi, 1677) as a plausible inference from the monk of St. Gall's narrative, the historical character of which he accepted ; but it has in modern times been asserted more positively by M. Haureau (Singularites Historiques et Litte- raires, pp. 25, 26, 39, 1861) and Mr. Bass Mullinger (Schools of Charles the Great, pp. 121-4, 1877). It is, however, not the less an hypothesis. The first tangible notice of Clement occurs in a ' Catalogue of the Abbots of Fulda ' (PEKTZ, Monumenta Germanice Historica, Scriptt. xiii. 272), where we read that Rat- gar, who was abbot from 802 to 817, sent a certain Modestus and other monks to Cle- ment the Scot for the purpose of learning grammar. Clement was, then or later, plainly resident at the Prankish court ; for we have a poem by him addressed to Lothar as em- peror (that is, after he had gained the im- perial title in 817), from which it appears that the latter was his pupil (Poet. Lat. cevi Carol, ii. 670, 1884) ; and another poem, by Clement Clement Ermoldus Nigellus (Carm. iv. 403, 404 ; ib. 69), describes Clement as active in the festivities at Ingelheim on the occasion of the baptism of the Danish king Harald in 826 (compare SIMSON, Jahrbiicher des frankischen HeicJis unter Ludicig dem Frommen, i. 260, 261, 1874). The year of Clement's death is not known, but the day is given as 29 March (' dementis presbiteri magistri palatini ') in a necrology preserved in a "Wiirzburg manuscript of the ninth century (printed by DTJMMLER in the Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vi. 116, 1866), whence it has been conjectured that he died at Wiirzburg (SiJf SON, op. cit. ii. 259, 1876). His high characteris celebrated in a poem by one Prudens, otherwise unknown, who ranks him first among the teachers in the palace school (Poet. Lat. eevi Carol, i. 581). Two grammatical works exist in manuscript bearing Clement's name ; one is an ' Ars Grammatica ' (also described as ' De Partibus Orationis '), the other, which is possibly only apart of the same, 'De Barbarismo' (H. KEIL, Grammatici Latini, i. praef. pp. xx, xxi). Specimens have been printed by Sinner (Cat. Codd. MSS. Biblioth. Bern. i. 344-6, 1760), Haureau (/. c. pp. 23, 24), and H. Hagen (Anecdota Helvetica supplement to KEIL prsef. xxxii-xxxiv, 1870). Clement's biblio- graphy has, however, been largely extended by a twofold confusion ; he has been identi- fied first with the opponent of St. Boniface [see preceding article], and secondly with Claudius, bishop of Turin, who died about 839, and who has long been proved to have been not an Irishman but a Spaniard (see MABILLON, Annales Ord. S. Bened. xxviii. 33, vol. ii. 418, 419). In consequence of this confusion the two Clements and Claudius have been fre- quently called indifferently ' Clemens Clau- dius ' or ' Claudius Clemens ' (compare the notices of LiLitrs GREGORIUS GYRALDUS, Opera, ii. 222, 1580 ; BALE, "Scriptt. Brit. Cat. xiv. 32, pt. ii. 203; MIR^TTS, Biblioth. ec- desiast. ccxlii, p. 228, 1639 ; LABBE,De script t. ecclesiast. i. 228, 1660 ; DTI BOTJLAY, I. c. ; TANNER, Bibl. Brit. p. 184 ; FABRICITJS, Bibl. Lat. med. et infim. ^Et. i. 357, 358, ed. 1858 which are all pervaded by this mistake in one form or another). The distinction between the three men is carefully examined by Nicolaus Antonius, ' Bibliotheca Hispana vetus,' i. 459-61 (Madrid, 1788), though this writer persists in calling both those surnamed Scotus by the double name of ' Clemens Claudius.' [See especially Simson's Jahrbiicher, as above, ii. 257-9.] E. L. P. CLEMENT, CAESAR, D.D. (d. 1626). catholic divine, born in the diocese of London, was great-nephew to Dr. John Clement [q.v.] r president of the College of Physicians, and nephew to Margaret Clement, prioress of St. Ursula's convent at Louvain. When very young, he was sent to the English college of Douay, with which he removed to Rheims, and he completed his theological studies in the English college at Rome, where he was ordained priest in 1585. He was created D.D. in some Italian university, was ap- pointed dean of St. Gudule's in Brussels, and vicar-general of the king of Spain's army in Flanders, and in 1612 was associated with Robert Chambers (1571-1624?) [q. v.] in the visitation of Douay college. He had great influence among the English catholics, and took a leading part in procuring an esta- blishment for the English canonesses at Louvain. His death took place at Brussels on28Aug.!626. A great many of his original letters were formerly in the possession of Dodd, the church historian. [Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 388 ; Foley's Eecords, vi. 117, 138, 190, 507; Morris's Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers, 1st series, 40, 41, 47, 57, 281, 283, 284; Husenbeth's English Colleges and Convents on the Continent, 53 ; Gillow's. Bibl. Diet. i. 496.] T. C. CLEMENT, GREGORY (d. 1660), regi- cide, is described by Ludlow as ' a citizen and merchant of London, who by trading to Spain had raised a very considerable estate ' (Memoirs, p. 370). In the spring of 1647 he became member for Camelford, and, according to ' The Mystery of the Good Old Cause, r ' when he had been a member two months protested he had scarcely cleared the pur- chase money, which was but 60/., but said trading, he doubted not, would mend ' (re- print, p. 14). H,e was one of the members who subscribed their dissent to the vote of 5 Dec. 1648 for an accommodation with the king, and doubtless owed to that circum- stance his appointment as one of the king's judges (Parliamentary History, xviii. 482). He attended the high court of justice all the days on which it met in Westminster Hall, and in the Painted Chamber on 8, 22, 23, and 29 Jan., and signed the death-warrant (NALSON, Trial of Charles /). On 11 May 1652 he was expelled from parliament for his 'scandalous carriage ;' according to the Rev. Mark Noble, ' not managing his intrigues with secrecy, he was proved to have been frail with his female servant at Greenwich T (NOBLE, Eegiddes, p. 143 : HEATH, p. 476). At the Restoration he went into hiding, but was found concealed ' in a mean house near Gray's Inn,' identified by his voice, ' which was very remarkable,' and sent to the Tower Clement 33 Clement (LTTDLOW, p. 347 ; KENNET, Register, 26 May 1660). On 9 June he was absolutely ex- cepted from the Act of Indemnity, both for life and estate; on 12 Oct. he was tried, confessed himself guilty of the fact, and begged for mercy ; and on 16 Oct. he was executed. ' He had no good elocution, but his apprehension and judgment were not to be despised ' (LirDLOw). [Noble's Lives of the Kegicides ; Ludlow's Memoirs, ed. 1751 ; Complejte Collection of Speeches of those Persons lately Executed, 1661, pp. 147-8.] C. H. F. CLEMENT or CLEMENTS, JOHN, M.D. (d. 1572), president of the College of Physicians, probably a native of Yorkshire, re- ceived his education at St. Paul's School, and at an early period made the acquaintance of Sir Thomas More, who took him into his family, made him tutor to his children, and treated him with a kindness almost paternal (ROBINSON, Registers of St. PauVs School, p. 19). Wood asserts that Clement had a part of his original education at Oxford, though at what house is unknown (Athence Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 401). About 1519 he settled in Corpus Christi Col- lege on being constituted by Cardinal Wolsey his rhetoric reader in the university of Oxford, and subsequently he became reader of Greek. He studied medicine and was created M.D. On 1 Feb. 1527-8 he was admitted a member of the London College of Physicians (MuKK, Coll. ofPhys. ed. 1878, i. 26). On 16 April following he was admitted an ' elect,' and he was one of the physicians sent by Henry VIII to Wolsey when the cardinal lay languishing at Esher in 1529. He was ' consiliarius ' in 1529, 1530, 1531, and 1547, and in 1544 he was elected president of the College of Phy- sicians. In the reign of Edward VI he retired to Louvain for religion's sake, as ' he always adhered scrupulously both to the doctrine and authority of the see of Rome ' (DoDD, Church Hist. i. 202). On 19 March 1553-4 he returned to Eng- land, and during Mary's reign practised his faculty in Essex. He was elected censor of the College of Physicians in 1555, and con- siliarius in 1556, 1557, and 1558. Soon after Elizabeth's accession he again retired abroad, and practised his profession at Mechlin till his death, which occurred at his residence in the Blockstrate in St. John's parish on 1 July 1572 (Pus, De Anglice Scriptoribus, p. 767). He was buried the following day in the ca- thedral church of St. Rumbold, near his wife Margaret [see CLEMENT, MARGARET], who died on 6 July 1570. She had been educated with the children of Sir Thomas More, and had shared Clement's tuition with them. VOL. XI. Her tutor had made her little inferior to him- self in the knowledge of Latin and Greek, and she assisted him in his translations. He composed ' Epigrammatum et aliorum carminum liber,' and translated from Greek into Latin : 1. The Epistles of Gregory Na- zianzen. 2. The Homilies of Nicephorus Ca- lixtus concerning the Greek Saints. 3. The Epistles of Pope Celestine I to Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria (TANNER, Bill. Brit. p. 184). [Authorities cited above.] T. C. CLEMENT or CLEMENTS, MAR- GARET (1508-1570), learned lady, whose maiden name was Giggs, was born in 1508, being daughter of a gentleman of Norfolk. She was a kinswoman of Sir Thomas More, who brought her up from a child with his own daughters. About 1530 she married Dr. John Clement [q. v.], on which occa- sion Leland wrote an epithalamium ; and her portrait was included in both of Holbein's large pictures of the ' More Family,' painted about the same time. Algebra was probably her special study; and More had an ' algorisme stone ' of hers with him in the Tower, which he sent back to her the day before his execu- tion, 1535. She obtained also the shirt in which he suffered, and preserved it. About 1540 Sir Thomas Elyott conveyed to her and her husband the indignation felt by Charles V at More's execution. She was a papist, and died in exile at Mechlin on 6 July 1570. She had one child, a daughter, Winifred, who mar- ried William Rastall, judge, More's nephew [Koper's Life of Sir Thomas More (ed. 1731), pp. 102, 146 and note, 169 note; Foss's Judges of England, v. 535 ; Ballard's Ladies.] J. H. CLEMENT, WILLIAM INNELL (d. 1852), newspaper proprietor, was born, it is believed, in London of humble parentage, and received only a scanty education. Between 1810 and 1815 he started in business by the purchase of a share of the ' Observer,' at that time a comparatively obscure paper. Clement by his liberal management and faculty for organisation soon placed it at the head of the Sunday press. He aimed at making it what he called ' a seventh-day paper.' By not print- ing it till between four and five o'clock on the Sunday morning he was enabled to give the very latest intelligence. His energy in this department led him to publish a full report of Thistlewood's trial in April 1820. By doing so he incurred a penalty of 5001., which, however, was never enforced. Elated with the success of the ' Observer,' Clement became ambitious of owning a morn- ing paper. Accordingly, on the death of Mr. James Perry in 1821, he purchased the ' Morn- ing Chronicle ' for the extravagant sum of Clements 34 Clench 42,OOOZ. It proved an unlucky venture. His capital being unequal to such a demand, he was obliged to raise the greater portion of the purchase-money by bills. Through his bill transactions he became involved with Messrs. Hurst & Robinson, by whose bank- ruptcy in 1825 he was an extensive sufferer. Alter losing annually on the ' Morning Chro- nicle,' Clement was glad to part with it in 1834 to Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Easthope and two other speculators for 16,500 In the meantime he had, in addition to the ' Morning Chronicle ' and ' Observer,' bought ' Bell's Life in London,' which, under the editorship of Mr. Vincent Dowling, became a first-rate sporting paper. Clement died at Hackney on 24 Jan. 1852 at an advanced age. Part of his business was acquired by Mr. W. H. Smith. Clement was at one time intimate with William Cobbett [q. v.], and stood his friend when the latter had to fly to the United States on the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act during the Liverpool and Castlereagh minis- try. He afterwards had reason to complain of Cobbett's ingratitude. [Gent. Mag. new ser. xxxvii. 306-7 ; Andrews's Hist, of British Journalism, ii. ; Grant's News- paper Press, i. 280, iii. 28, 128.] G. G. CLEMENTS, MICHAEL (d. 1796?), captain in the royal navy, was, in May 1757, first lieutenant of the Unicorn frigate when she engaged and captured 1'Invincible, a large Malouin privateer. The captain of the Unicorn was killed, and Clements, after con- ducting the fight to a successful issue, brought the prize into Kinsale, and went out again in pursuit of the privateer's consort, which he also captured and brought in (BEATSON, Nav. and Mil. Mem. ii. 78). For this good service Clements was immediately promoted to the command of the London buss, and four months later (29 Sept.) to post rank and the command of the Actaeon frigate. He continued in her, attached to the Chan- nel fleet, till the summer of 1759, when he was moved into the Pallas of 36 guns, also with the fleet blockading Brest and Quiberon Bay, and specially employed, with the other frigates, in cruising against the enemy's pri- vateers and in communicating with the home ports. By a fortunate accident, the Pallas, in company with the ^Eolus and Brilliant, put into Kinsale in the last days of February 1760, just as a message came from the Duke of Bedford, then lord-lieutenant of Ireland, that Thurot's squadron was at Belfast. They immediately put to sea again, and, coming off Belfast on the morning of the 28th, suc- ceeded in capturing all Thurot's ships [see ELLIOT, JOHN] with but little loss. The Pallas continued on the same service till towards the end of the year, and was then sent to the Mediterranean, where she re- mained till after the peace, and returned to England in December 1763. On paying off this ship Clements refused to give a certifi- cate to the master, whom he reported as ' inattentive to his duty.' The master in revenge laid an accusation of waste and mal- versation of stores against his captain. After a full and tedious inquiry at the navy office the charge was, in November 1765, pronounced groundless and malicious. In 1769 he com- manded the Dorsetshire of 70 guns, guardship at Portsmouth, but which in 1770 was sent up the Mediterranean o,s part of the answer to a threatening armament of the French at Toulon. In March 1778 he was appointed to the Vengeance of 74 guns, which he com- manded in the action off Ushant on 27 July and in the October cruise under Admiral Keppel. He was afterwards a witness for the defence in the admiral's trial, and spoke very strongly in the admiral's favour (Mi- nutes of the Court-martial, p. 147), which, with the admiralty constituted as it then was, did not tend to his advantage. A few months later he was compelled by failing health to resign his command, and he never got another. His correspondence during 1780 shows, however, that he was still in delicate health. In July he applied for leave to go abroad with his family. Tuscany he conceived to be a proper place, if their lord- ships should approve, and finally asked for a passport for himself, his wife, and daughter for Ostend. ' When my health shall be re- established,' he added, ' I shall be happy to return and follow my profession with every zeal to regain that reputation which at pre- sent appears to me so much sullied.' It was not a sentence likely to commend him to Lord Sandwich. His name continued on the list of cap- tains till 1787, when there was a very large retirement. Then, or a year or two later, he was made a rear-admiral on the superan- nuated list, and is believed to have died about 1796. [Official letters, &c., in the Public Record Office ; Charnock's Biog. Navalis, vi. 220.] J. K. L. CLENCH, ANDREW, M.D. (d. 1692), physician, was descended from the family of that name seated in Suffolk. He was created M.D. at Cambridge by royal mandate on 29 March 1671, was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians on 22 Dec. 1677, and a feUow on 23 Dec. 1680. He had be- Clench 35 Clennell come a fellow of the Royal Society on 22 April in the last-named year. Clench resided in Brownlow Street, Holborn. He was mur- dered between nine and eleven o'clock on the night of Monday, 4 Jan. 1692. ' This week,' writes Evelyn, ' a most execrable murder was committed on Dr. Clench, father of that ex- traordinary learned child whom I have be- fore noticed. Under pretence of carrying him in a coach to see a patient, they strangled him in it, and sending away the coachman under some pretence, they left his dead body in the coach, and escaped in the dusk of the evening' (Diary, 1850-2, ii. 317). A swindler named Henry Harrison, to whose mistress Clench had lent money, was convicted of the murder and hanged on 15 April 1692. By his wife Rose, Clench had two sons, Edmund and John. From his will (reg. in P. C. 0. 24, Pane), we learn that he died possessed of pro- perty in Norfolk, of the manor and advowson of Monk Soham, Suffolk, and the lordship of Blomvile's or Woodcroft Hall in the same parish. Evelyn has left a charming account of Clench's gifted son referred to above, who, when Evelyn saw him, was not twelve years old. It is gratifying to know that no pres- sure was brought to bear upon him, and ' that he usually played amongst other boys four or five hours every day, and that he was as earnest at his play as at his study ' (Diary, 1850-2, ii. 288-90). [Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), i. 419-21 ; Luttrell's Kelation of State Affairs (1857), ii. ; Trials of H. Harrison and J. Cole ; Harrison's Last Words of a Dying Penitent ; Kowe's Mr. Harrison proved the Murtherer ; Blomefield's Norfolk (8vo), vii. 221.] G. G. CLENCH, JOHN (d. 1607), judge, son of John Clench of Wethersfield, Essex, by Joan, daughter of John Amias of the same county, and grandson of John Clench of Leeds, Yorkshire, was admitted a student at Lincoln's Inn on 11 Feb. 1556, called to the bar in 1568, appointed recorder of Ipswich in 1573-4 being the first known to have held office elected reader at his inn in Lent 1574, took the degree of serjeant-at-law in Michaelmas term 1580, was appointed a baron of the exchequer in the following year (27 Nov.), being assigned to the northern circuit, and on 29 May 1584 was transferred to the court of queen's bench. He was one of the judges appointed to hear causes in chancery in the six months which intervened between the death of the lord chancellor, Sir Christopher Hatton (20 Nov. 1591), and the appointment of his successor. He re- mained, however, attached to the northern circuit, apparently until his retirement. In 1596 he took the Lincoln assizes with Chief- justice Anderson, the bulk of the criminal business consisting, as it would seem, of cases of ecclesiastical recusancy. The unknown writer of a letter preserved in the fourth volume of Strype's ' Annals ' says : ' The de- meanour of him (Anderson, a zealous high churchman) and the other judge, as they sit by turns upon the gaol (with reverence I speak it) in these matters is flat opposite ; and they which are maliciously affected, when Mr. Justice Clinch sitteth upon the gaol, do labour to adjourn their complaints (though they be before upon the file) to the next assize ; and the gentlemen in the several shires are endangered by this means to be cast into a faction ' (STRYPE, Annals, fol., iv. 265). Clench is said to have been an especial favourite with Elizabeth. Nevertheless he does not appear to have been knighted, or in any way honoured. In 1600, while retaining the emoluments of his office, he was dis- placed from attendance at court, on account of age and infirmities, and three years later he was pensioned. He died on 19 Aug. 1607, at his seat at Holbrooke, Essex, and was buried in Holbrooke Church, his monument being inscribed as in memory ' colendissimi suique temporis antiquissimi judicis Jo- hannis Clenche.' A half-length portrait of Clench in his robes was long preserved at Harden Hall (the seat in the last century of Lord Alvanley) in Cheshire, but appears to have been among the works of art dis- persed in 1815. A portrait of the judge was also in the possession of the town clerk of Ipswich in 1831. Clench married Catherine, daughter of Thomas Almot of Greeting All Saints, Essex, by whom he had issue five sons and eight daughters. His heir, Thomas, who married Margery, daughter of John Barker, merchant, of Ipswich, was sheriff of Suffolk in 1616, and junior M.P. for the same county in 1620, and one John Clench of Greeting was sheriff of Suffolk in 1630. The family appears to be now extinct. [Add. MS. 19123, fol. 252; Dugdale's Orig. 253 ; Dugdale's Chron. Ser. 95, 98 ; Cal. State Papers (Dom. 1581-90), p. 452, (1591-4) pp. 188, 311, (1598-1601) p. 387, (1601-3) p. 284, Addenda (1566-79) p. 527, Addenda (1580- 1265) ii. pp. 252-3, 405; Lysons's Magna Britan- nia, ii. pt. ii. 783 ; Earwaker's East Cheshire, i. 479; Excursions through Suffolk (1818), i. 150; Suckling's Suffolk, i. xliii, xlviii ; Foss's Judges of England.] J. M. E. CLENNELL, LUKE (1781-1840), artist and wood engraver, was born at Ulgham, near Morpeth, Northumberland, on 8 April 1781. He was the son of a farmer. Placed D2 Clennell Clennell as a youth with his uncle, Thomas Clennell, | a grocer and tanner of Morpeth, he continued j to develope an early manifested taste for art i until, upon the recommendation of a noble- i man who saw one of his drawings, he was i transferred from the counter to the care of , Bewick, the Newcastle engraver [see BE- WICK, THOMAS]. This was in April 1797. With Bewick he remained seven years, dur- ing which time he copied on the block, and subsequently engraved, several of the de- signs of Robert Johnson [see JOHNSON, RO- BERT], which were used as tail-pieces for Bewick's ' Water Birds,' 1804. By the time his apprenticeship expired he had become an expert draughtsman and designer, with some- thing of his master's love of, and feeling for, nature and natural history. His apprentice- ship must have ended early in 1804, about which time he executed a number of cuts for the third edition of Solomon Hodgson's ' Hive of Ancient and Modern Literature,' 1806. Probably the majority of the illustra- tions to this book, some of which bear his initials, were by him, the rest being by Thomas Bewick. He afterwards worked for Bewick on Wallis and Scholey's ' History of Eng- land,' but, finding that his old master re- ceived the greater portion of the money, he came to London in the autumn of 1804, after having opened direct communications with the publishers. In May 1806 he received the gold palette of the Society of Arts for ' an engraving on wood of a Battle.' Among other engraved work he was employed upon the ' Scripture Illustrated ' of Craig [see CRAIG, WILLIAM MARSHALL], and Thur- ston's designs for Beattie's 'Minstrel,' 1807. Another volume of this period was Fal- coner's ' Shipwreck,' 1808, which contains a well-known picture of a ship in a gale of wind. In 1809 he took part in Ackermann's 'Religious Emblems,' his colleagues being Nesbit, Branston, and Hole. The designs for this book were by Thurston. Clennell's work was unequal, his best cuts being the ' Call to Vigilance ' and the ' Soul Encaged.' After he settled in London he married a daughter of Charles Warren, the copper-plate engraver, a connection which introduced him to the society of Raimbach, Finden, and the little knot of talented men who emulated each other in producing those delicate book embellishments published by Sharpe, Du Rovery, and others, at the beginning of the century. After Ackermann's ' Emblems,' his next work of importance was a large block for the diploma of the Highland Society after a design by Benjamin West. For this, in 1809, he received the gold medal of the So- ciety of Arts. His last work of any moment as a wood engraver was the series of cuts which illustrate Rogers's ' Pleasures of Me- mory, with Other Poems,' 1810, a volume which has a deserved reputation with col- lectors for the excellence of its rendering of Stothard's pen-and-ink sketches. Towards 1810 Clennell seems virtually to have re- linquished wood-engraving for painting, in which direction he had probably for some time been preluding, since he had prepared many of the sketches for Scott's 'Border An- tiquities,' and there is an engraving after one of his designs as far back as 1803. In the Kensington Museum there is, besides other sketches, a water-colour drawing called the ' Sawpit,' dated 1810 ; and the Art Library contains a number of lightly washed designs, afterwards engraved for a series of ' British Novelists,' published by Sherwood, Neely, & Jones, which show considerable vigour and force of realisation. In 1812 he contributed to the Royal Academy a lively picture of ' Fox-hunters regaling,' which was twice engraved. Henceforth he continued to ex- hibit at the Academy, the British Institu- tion, and the Exhibition of Painters in Water Colours. The ' Baggage Waggons in a Thun- derstorm,' 1816, the ' Day after the Fair/ 1818, and the ' Arrival of the Mackerel-Boat,' are good specimens of his work. In fishing scenes and marine subjects he specially ex- celled. His two most important pictures, how- ever, were the ' Waterloo Charge,' and the 'Banquet of the Allied Sovereigns in the Guildhall.' The former, which is his master- piece, gained one of the premiums awarded by the British Institution for finished oil- sketches of the British successes under Wel- lington. It is a most spirited composition, full of fire and furious movement, and was engraved in 1819 by W. Bromley. The latter was a commission from the Earl of Bridgewater. So much fatigue, vexation, and disappointment was experienced by the artist in assembling the materials for this picture that he became insane, and, with brief lucid intervals, continued so until his death. Under the pressure of this misfor- tune his wife's mind also gave way, and she died, leaving three children. Friends inte- rested themselves for the father and young family. The ' Waterloo Charge' was engraved for their benefit, and they were also assisted by the Artists' Fund, to which institution Clennell had belonged. From 1817 until 9 Feb. 1840, when he died, Clennell never wholly recovered his reason. In his milder moments he amused himself by strange, half-articulate verses, and half-in- telligible drawings, specimens of which, dated Clenocke 37 Clephane from one or other of his asylums or tempo- rary retreats, are still preserved. Some of his poems were published in the 'Athenaeum' for 7 March 1840, in Chatto's ' Treatise on Wood Engraving/ 1839, and elsewhere. In many of them the inborn love of nature is still discernible through the disjointed ima- gery and wandering words. In 1831, be- coming dangerous, Clennell was placed per- manently in an asylum. Four years after his death a tablet by a local sculptor, R. Davies, was erected to him in St. Andrew's Church, Newcastle. As an engraver, he ranks, after Nesbit, as the best of Bewick's pupils. As a water-colour artist it is pro- bable that he had not reached his highest point when his faculties failed ; but he had already exhibited a distinct ability for land- scape and rural scenes. Fineness and deli- cacy are less conspicuous in his work than breadth, spirit, and rapidity of handling. [Chatto's Treatise on Wood Engraving, 1839 ; Chatto's History and Art of Wood Engraving, 1848; Memoirs of Dr. Eobert Blakey, 1879; Thomas Bewick and his Pupils, 1884, by the writer of this article.] A. D. . CLENOCKE or CLYNOG, MAURICE (d. 1580 ?), divine, was a native of Wales, and educated at Oxford, where he was ad- mitted B.C.L. in 1548. Having taken orders, he became in Queen Mary's reign chaplain, servant, and domestic to Cardinal Pole, rec- tor of Orpington, Kent, and dean of Shoreham and Croydon (SiKTPE, Memorials, iii. 390, folio). In 1556 he was presented by Bishop Goldwell to the rectory of Corwen or Cwrr Owen, in the diocese of St. Asaph (WiLLis, Survey of St. Asaph, ed. 1801, i. 271). On the decease of Dr. William Glyn, bishop of Bangor, in May 1558, Clenocke was nominated by Queen Mary to be his successor, but was never consecrated. On Elizabeth's accession he was obliged to surrender all his prefer- ments for refusing to comply with the court measures. In 1560 he travelled to Rome with Thomas Goldwell, bishop of St. Asaph. In the Vatican collections there is a paper written about that time apparently for the purpose of supplying the holy see with information which might be of service in the event of the pope filling the vacant sees in England. This document states that Clenocke ' is a good man, but is no preacher. He is worthy of the see of Bangor, to which he has been nominated' (BEADY, Episcopal Succession, ii. 324). In 1567 he was a camerarius of the Hospital of the English Pilgrims at Rome, and subse- quently he became its custos or warden. Pope Gregory XIII ordered the suppression of the hospital until the kingdom of England should return to the catholic church, and converted the institution into a college. In 1578 Cle- nocke, the last warden of the hospital, was made the first rector of the English college. A commotion was excited among the English students by his alleged favouritism to the Welsh. There were thirty-three English stu- dents in the college, and only seven Welsh- men. The English students at last broke out in open mutiny (February 1578-9), and de- clared that they would leave Rome in a body unless another rector were appointed, and petitioned the pope to entrust the college to the government of the Society of Jesus. A detailed account of this dispute is given by Canon Tierney in his edition of Dodd (Church History, ii. 167-76). In March 1578-9 the pope gave over the management of the col- lege entirely to the Jesuits, and on 23 April 1579 Father Alfonso Agazzari was appointed rector. The Jesuits retained the charge of the college till the suppression of their order by Clement XIV in 1773. Clenocke, who is often called 'Dr. Maurice,' retired about 1580 to Rouen, where he em- barked on board a ship bound for Spain, and was drowned at sea. [Academy, xvi. 376 ; Letters and Memorials of Card. Allen, 69, 74, 77, 79, 82; Boase's Re- gister of Univ. of Oxford, i. 215 ; Catholic Mag. and Review (1832), ii. 357, 358, 412, 415 ; Catho- lic Miscellany, vi. 255 ; Constable's Specimen of Amendments to Dodd's Church Hist. 48 seq. ; Dodd's Church Hist. i. 513 ; Dodd's Apology for the Church Hist. 6, 89-91 ; Flanagan's Hist, of the Church in England, ii. 196, 197, 251 ; Gillow's Bibl. Diet. i. 501 ; Husenbeth's Colleges and Con- vents on the Continent, 5, 6 ; Munday's English Romayne Lyfe (1582), 60 seq. ; Simpson's Life of Campion, 97 ; Strype's Annals (fol.), iii. 474 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 766, Fasti, i. 126, 208.] T. C. CLEPHANE, JOHN, M.D. (d. 1758), physician, a Scotchman, took his degree of M.D. at St. Andrews on 29 May 1729. He acted as physician to the army in the Low Countries. He was appointed physician to St. George's Hospital on 8 May 1751, and admitted a licentiate of the College of Phy- sicians on 25 June 1752. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 8 Jan. 1746, but was not admitted until 4 May 1749. Clephane died in the Isle of Wight on 11 Oct. 1758. He was in the expedition to Quiberon Bay in 1746 under General St. Clair. He was afterwards the familiar friend and corre- spondent of David Hume, St. Glair's secretary. [Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), ii. 180-1 ; Gent. Mag. xxviii. 504, 505 ; Scots Mag. xx. 553 ; Burton's Life and Correspondence of D. Hume.] G. G. Cle'risseau Clerk CLERISSEAU, CHARLES LOUIS (1721-1820), architectural draughtsman, was born in Paris in 1721. He entered the Aca- demie de Peinture et de Sculpture, and in 1746 gained the ' prix de Rome ' for archi- tecture. This led to a residence of many years in Rome, where he made numerous drawings of architectural remains, which are remarkable for their extraordinary facility of execution, and are highly esteemed. Among those with whom he at that time became acquainted were Winckelmann and Robert Adam [q. v.], the latter of whom he assisted in making the drawings for his ' Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spala- tro in Dalmatia,' published in 1764. With Winckelmann he kept up a correspondence, extracts from which are printed in the ' Briefe an seine Freunde ' of the great German archaeo- logist. In 1771 he resolved to come to Lon- don, where he was already known by his works, and while resident here he exhibited tinted drawings of ruins and architectural subjects at the Society of Artists in Spring Gardens and at the Royal Academy between 1772 and 1790. The bankruptcy of Adam led to the return of Clerisseau to France, where in 1778 he projected the ' Antiquits de la France,' of which the first part, the ' Monumens de Nismes,' alone appeared. A new edition, with additional plates, and an historical and descriptive text by J. G. Le- grand, was published in two folio volumes at Paris in 1806. In 1769 he was elected an academician, his reception works being two compositions of architectural ruins executed in body-colours, and between 1773 and 1808 he exhibited occasionally at the Salon both paintings and drawings of architectural sub- jects. Late in 1783 the Empress Catherine II, always magnificent in her ideas, conceived the project of building a palace exactly like that of the Roman emperors, and Clerisseau, who had made ancient buildings his special study, was recommended to her as a person competent to direct this grand undertaking. He at once set out for Russia, where he was appointed first architect to the empress, and elected a member of the Academy of St. Petersburg, but the scheme was abandoned, and there is no record of what he did while there. He returned to France some time before the revolution, which scarcely at all affected his reputation and position, for he retired into the country, and seldom went to Paris. Under the empire he received the Legion of Honour. He painted occasionally in oil-colours, but he is best known by his fine drawings in water-colours of the remains of classical architecture, in which the figures were often inserted by Antonio Zucchi. As an architect he built the Hotel du Gouverne- ment at Metz. Clerisseau died at Auteuil, in the suburbs of Paris, on 19 Jan. 1820, in his ninety-ninth year. The Louvre possesses three of his drawings, and there is one of ' Roman Ruins ' in the museum at Orleans. A drawing of ' Tivoli,' executed in body-colours in 1769, is in the South Kensington Museum. There is also a drawing of ' Ruins,' in pastel, in the Florence Gallery. Twenty volumes of draw- ings from the antique, made during his re- sidence in Italy, are in the possession of the emperor of Russia. [Kedgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng- lish School, 1878 ; Bryan's Dictionary of Pain- ters and Engravers, ed. Graves, 1886; Bellier de La Chavignerie's Dictionnaire general des Artistes de 1'Ecole Franchise, 1868, &c., i. 265 ; Bachaumont's Memoires Secrets, 1776, &c., vii. 99 ; Dussieux's Artistes Francjais a 1'etranger, 1856, pp. 141, 413.1 E. E. G. CLERK. [See also CLARK, CLARKE, and CLERKE.] CLERK, SIB GEORGE (1787-1867), statesman, elder son of James Clerk, by his wife, Janet, daughter of George Irving of Newton, Lanarkshire, and grandson of Sir George Clerk Maxwell [q. v.], was born on 19 Nov. 1787, and educated at the High School, Edinburgh, and at Trinity College, Oxford, where he was admitted on 21 Jan. 1806. His father died in 1793, and in 1798 he succeeded his uncle, Sir John Clerk, as the sixth baronet. He was admitted an advocate in 1809, and created a D.C.L. of Oxford 5 July 1810. At a bye-election in the fol- lowing year he was elected M.P. for Midlo- thian, for which constituency he continued to sit in the next six parliaments. On 5 March 1819 Clerk was appointed one of the lords of the admiralty in the Liverpool administra- tion. This post he held until May 1827, when he became clerk of the ordnance. He was gazetted one of the council of the Duke of Clarence, the lord high admiral, 4 Feb. 1828, but upon the duke's resigna- tion was reappointed a lord of the admi- ralty. On 5 Aug. 1830 he became under- secretary for the home department for the few remaining months of the Wellington administration. At the first general election after the passing of the Reform Bill, which took place in December 1832, Clerk lost his seat for Midlothian, being defeated by Sir John Dalrymple (afterwards eighth earl of Stair), the whig candidate, by 601 to 536. He was re-elected, however, in January 1835 for his old constituency, but at the next general election, in August 1837, was de- Clerk 39 Clerk feated by William Gibson Craig. In April of the following year he was elected without any contest for the borough of Stamford, which he also represented in the succeeding parliament. In July 1847 Clerk was re- turned for Dover, but, after unsuccessfully contesting that constituency in July 1852 and March 1857, made no further attempt to re-enter parliament. He held the post of secretary to the treasury in Sir Robert Peel's administration from December 1834 to April 1835, and from September 1841 to February 1845. On 5 Feb. 1845 he was appointed vice-president of the board of trade, and was at the same time sworn a member of the privy council. In the same month he was made master of the mint on the retirement of W. E. Gladstone. Clerk held both these offices until July 1846, when Sir Robert Peel's second administration came to an end. For many years he was an able and zealous supporter of the tory party. He, however, became an earlier convert to the principles of free trade than the majority of his party (see Hansard, 3rd ser. Ixxxiii. 1420-39), and continued to belong to the Peelite section until it was finally broken up. On 13 Aug. 1810 he married Maria, second daughter of Ewan Law of Horsted Place, Sussex, by whom he had eight sons and four daughters. His wife died on 7 Sept. 1866. Clerk, who was a fellow of the Royal Society, chairman of the Royal Academy of Music, an elder of the kirk of Scotland, and a deputy-lieutenant of Midlothian, died on 23 Dec. 1867, at Peni- cuik House, near Edinburgh, in his eighty- first year. He was succeeded in the title by his eldest son, James, whose son, Sir George Douglas Clerk, is the present baronet. There are two portraits of Clerk, one painted by Dyce in 1830, and the other by Watson Gordon. James Clerk Maxwell [see under MAXWELL] was his grand-nephew. [Gent. Mag. 1868, new ser. v. 246-7 ; Men of the Time (seventh edition) ; Times, 25 Dec. 1867 ; Parliamentary Papers, 1878, vol. btii. pt. ii.; Foster's Members of Parliament, Scotland (1822), p. 70; Dod's Peerage, &c. (1866); London Ga- zettes.] G. F. E. B. CLERK, JOHN (d. 1541), bishop of Bath and Wells, B.A. of Cambridge 1499, and M. A. 1502, studied law and received the doc- tor's degree at Bologna. He was instituted to the rectory of Hothfield, Kent, on 21 April 1508, and in 1509 appears as master of the hospital of St. Mary, or the Maison Dieu, at Dover. He was presented to the rectory of Portishead, Somerset, 12 Sept. 1513, and also held the living of Ditcheat in the same county, which he resigned in 1517. In March 1514 he was instituted to the living of Ivychurch, Kent, in the July following to the rectory of West Tarring, Sussex, and in August to the rectory of Charlton. In March 1519 he was presented to the living of South Molton, Devonshire, in the next October he was col- lated to the archdeaconry of Colchester, on 9 Nov. following he was appointed dean of Windsor, and was shortly afterwards made a judge in the court of Star-chamber. He was Wolsey's chaplain and dean of the king's chapel. Wolsey employed him to transact confidential business with the king in 1517 and 1518. In June 1519 he was sent by the king with a message to Louise of Savoy. In the spring of 1521 he was sent as ambassa- dor to Rome, and arrived there on 20 April. In the following October he presented the king's book to Leo X with a set oration and much ceremony. He was in Rome at the death of Leo X and the election of Adrian, and was employed by Wolsey to advance his interests. He returned to England in the Sep- tember of the next year. He was appointed master of the rolls on 20 Oct. following, and resigned that office 9 Oct. 1523. On the re- signation of the see of Bath and Wells by Wolsey in 1523 Clerk was nominated to the bishopric by papal provision on 26 March, and received the temporalities on 2 May. As bishop-elect he was sent to Rome in this spring to conclude a treaty with Adrian VI, Charles V, the duke of Milan, and the Swiss. He entered Rome on 3 June, and was conse- crated bishop there on 6 Dec. following. He worked hard to promote the election of Wol- sey, but was outwitted by the Cardinal de' Medici. He left Rome 7 Nov. 1525, and on parting from the pope was presented with a ring worth five hundred ducats. In the course of his journey to England he had an interview on state affairs with Louise of Savoy. In July 1526 he was employed as ambassador to the court of France, where he endeavoured to draw Francis from his idea of an alliance with Charles V, and of a marriage with the Prin- cess Eleonora, and to persuade him to apply for the hand of the Princess Mary of England. In 1527 he was again in Rome on the king's business. He met Cardinal Campeggio at Paris in August 1528, and proceeded to England with him. He was appointed one of the counsellors for Queen Catherine, and in accordance with the command of the legates served their citation on the king and queen on 18 June 1529. On the avocation of the cause of the king's divorce from the legatine court he betrayed the interests of the queen by agreeing with Wolsey that she should withdraw from proceedings at Rome. He joined in pronouncing the king's divorce. In Clerk Clerk 1540, when returning from an embassy to the Duke of Cleves, he fell sick at Dunkirk, it was thought from poison. Believing him- self about to die, he directed that he should be buried in the church of Notre Dame at Calais. However, he lived to return to Eng- land, and died 3 Jan. 1541, and was buried in St. Botolph's, Aldgate. He acted as one of the king's ecclesiastical commissioners on some trials for heresy. His diocesan duties were generally performed by two suffragan bishops and by a bishop consecrated to the suffragan see of Taunton. He wrote ' Oratio pro Henrico VIII apud Leonem max. pontif.' 1521, translated into English, and published with Henry VIU's ' Assertio septem sacra- mentorum,' 1687, 1688. He was appointed to assist in drawing up the 'Institution of a Christian Man,' and is believed to have helped Cranmer in writing certain works on the king's supremacy and divorce. [Letters and State Papers of Henry VIII, pas- sim ; Brewer's Reign of Henry VIII, passim ; Friedmann's Anne Boleyn, i. 86 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 754 ; Ellis's Letters, 2nd and 3rd series; Strype's (8vo edit.) Memorials, i.i. 51, 83 ; Cranmer, 77, 568 ; Cooper's Athenae Cantab. 77 ; Reynolds's Wells Cathedral, preface 92.] W. H. CLERK, JOHN (d. 1552), catholic writer, said to have been descended ' from famous and noble lineage,' was educated for a time in ' grammaticals, logicals, and philosophicals among the Oxonians,' though in what col- lege or hall Wood was unable to discover. He then travelled on the continent, and be- came proficient in the French and Italian languages. In Italy he was the. intimate friend of the eminent divine and statesman Richard Pace. ' All things were in a man- ner common between them, and what was by either read or observed was forthwith communicated to each other's great advan- tage.' On his return to England he obtained the post of secretary to Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk. At length he, like his pa- tron, was accused of leze majesty, and com- mitted to the Tower of London, where, to avoid public shame, as has been conjectured, he hanged himself in his cell with his girdle on 10 May 1552. Clerk, who was a steady adherent of the old form of religion, wrote : 1. ' A Treatise of Nobility,' translated from the French, London, 1543, 12mo. 2. ' Opus- culum plane divinum de mortuorum resur- rectione et extremo iuditio, in quatuor lin- guis succincte conscriptum. Latyne, Eng- lysshe, Italian, Frenche,' London, 1545, 4to, 2nd edition 1547, 4to. Dedicated to Henry, earl of Surrey, K.G. Tanner notices a third edition in 1573, 4to. The English and French texts are in black letter, the Latin and Ita- lian in Roman characters. This excessively rare book is printed in double columns, so that the four languages are apparent at one view. 3. 'A Declaration briefly conteyning as well the true understandynge of tharticles en- suynge as allso a recitall of the capital er- 1 rours against the same. Predestination, Ffree j will, Faythe, Justification, Good woorkes, Christian libertye,' London, 1546, 8vo ; de- dicated in Italian to Thomas, duke of Norfolk. 4. Meditations on death. [Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss) i. 203 ; Bale, Script. Brit. Cat. part. post. 109 ; Pits, De An- gliae Scriptoribus, 747 ; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 577, 587, 708 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), 480 ; Cat. of the Hath Library, i. 325 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 184; Dodd's Church Hist. i. 379.] T. C. CLERK, SIB JOHN (1684-1755), of Peni- cuik, judge and antiquary, was the eldest son of John Clerk of Penicuik, who was created knight bart. on 24 March 1679, by Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Henderson of Elvington. He early achieved some success as an advocate at the Scotch bar, and was elected to the Scotch parliament as member for Whithorn (in the Wigtown district) in 1702, which he continued to represent until 1707. In 1706-7 he was placed on the commission appointed to treat for the union of the realms, was re- turned to the first parliament of Great Britain in the same year, and next year was raised to the bench of the then newly constituted Scotch court of exchequer. On the death of his father, which occurred in 1722, he suc- ceeded to the title and estates. His house, Penicuik, where he gathered together a very valuable collection of antiques, specially rich in inscriptions illustrative of the history of Great Britain, was long a centre of re- union for the cultivated society of Edinburgh. He enjoyed the intimacy of the great English antiquary, Roger Gale, and was one of the earliest and most constant patrons of Allan Ramsay, whom he used to invite year by year to spend a portion of the summer with him. Ramsay is said to have passed much of his later years under Clerk's roof, and to have bitterly felt his death, which took place on 4 Oct. 1755. He survived his patron for only three years, Clerk's son and suc- cessor, Sir James Clerk, erecting an obelisk to his memory at Penicuik. Sir John be- came a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1725, of the Royal Society three years later, and of the Spalding Society in 1740. He married twice, viz. (1) on 23 Feb. 1700-1, Lady Margaret Stewart, eldest daughter of Alexander, third earl of Galloway, who died the same year (26 Dec.) after giving birth Clerk Clerk to a son, whose premature death in 1722 was made by Allan Ramsay the occasion for an elegy; (2) Janet, daughter of Sir John Inglis of Cramond, bart., by whom he had issue seven sons and six daughters. Clerk was the author of: 1. 'Money and Trade considered, with a Proposal for sup- plying the Nation with Money' (published anonymously), Edinburgh, 1705, 4to. 2. 'His- torical View of the Forms and Powers of the Court of Exchequer in Scotland. 1 This work was written jointly with Baron Scrope in 1726, but remained in manuscript until 1820, when it was edited by Sir Henry Jar- dine, writer to the signet and kings re- membrancer, and printed for private circu- lation by the barons of the exchequer. 3. ' De Stylis Veterum et diversis Chartarum gene- ribus Dissertatio.' Published in vol. iii. of the ' Supplement to the Thesauri of Grsevius and Gronovius,' edited by Joannes Polenus, Venice, 1738, fol. A portion of the disserta- tion was translated and communicated by Gale to the Royal Society in 1731 (see Philo- sophical Transactions, xxxvii. 157-63). A letter from Clerk to Gale, dated 6 Nov. 1731, giving an account of certain pecu- liar effects of thunder on trees, and of the discovery of the horn of a large deer in the heart of an oak, will also be found in ' Philosophical Transactions,' xli. pt. i. 235. 4. 'Dissertatio de Monumentis quibusdam Romanis in boreali Magnse Britannise parte detectis anno MDCCXXXI,' Edinburgh, 1750, 4to. This Latin tract describes some Roman remains discovered near Middleby in 1731, which the author referred to the age of Julian the Apostate, and pronounced to be the ruins of the temple dedicated to Mercury and Brigantia. 5. Some letters on the subject of tumuli and other antiquities which passed between Clerk and Roger Gale in 1725-6 were printed, apparently without Clerk's sanction, by Alexander Gordon, by way of appendix to his ' Itinerarium Septentrionale,' London, 1726, 4to. These, with other correspondence on a variety of curious and more or less recondite topics extending from 1726 to 1740, are included in ' Reliquiae GaleanEe ' (NICHOLS, Bibliotheca Topographica Sritannica, iii. No. ii. pts. ii. and iii.) Clerk also wrote all but the first stanza of the popular Scotch song, * O, merry may the Maid be that marries the Miller; ' and he is the reputed author of some lines addressed to Susanna, daughter of Sir Archibald Kennedy of Culzean, bart., an- cestor of the Marquis of Ailsa, afterwards wife of Alexander, ninth earl of Eglinton. The verses may be read in Anderson's ' Scottish Nation.' Allan Ramsay dedicated his ' Gentle Shepherd ' to the same lady. [Foster's Baronetage : Members of Parliament, Scotland; Acts Parl. Scot. xi. 217, 139 a, App. 162 b ; Return of Members of Parliament, ii. 8; Scots Mag. xvii. 461 ; Nichols's Literary Anec- dotes, iv, 547, v. 330-335, vi. 13, 79, 129, 139; Cat. Adv. Lib. ii. 268 ; ;Cat. Sig. Lib. i. 213 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Anderson's Scottish Nation.] J. M. E. CLERK, JOHN (1728-1812), of Eldin, author of an essay on naval tactics, seventh son of Sir John Clerk of Penicuik [q. v.], was born at Penicuik on 10 Dec. 1728, and was educated at the grammar school of Dal- keith. He early entered into business as a merchant in Edinburgh, and continued so engaged till about 1773, with such suc- cess that, finding himself then in easy cir- cumstances, he purchased the small pro- perty of Eldin in the parish of Lasswade, about six miles from Edinburgh, where he settled down, devoting much of his time to artistic and scientific pursuits. He had al- ways been an accomplished draughtsman, and about 1770 began the practice of .etch- ing on copper, in which he attained con- siderable skill. A collection of his etch- ings, printed from his private plates in 1786, was presented to the king by the Earl of Buchan, and is now in the British Museum. A more extended series was published by the Bannatyne Club in 1855. A business interest in some collieries seems to have di- rected his attention to the then infant sci- ence of geology ; in this pursuit he was en- couraged by Dr. James Hutton, whom he frequently accompanied in his excursions and surveys, and assisted with his ready pencil in portraying the features of the country. But his name is best known in connection with the ' Essay on Naval Tactics ' and the controversy which arose out of it. He had always, he tells us in the preface, taken a great interest in naval affairs, an interest strengthened by the fact of his having many near kinsmen in the navy; and, meditat- ing on the unsatisfactory results of several battles at sea, he was led to the conception of certain manoeuvres which would, he believed, lead to breaking the enemy's line, to over- whelming part of it, and compelling the rest either to close action or ignominious flight. These proposals were handed about in manu- script, and fifty copies of some of them were privately printed. Clerk was under the im- pression that they had been brought to the notice of Sir George Rodney which an exact comparison of dates shows to have been im- possible and of Sir Charles Douglas, who categorically denied having ever heard of either Clerk or his proposals till after his return from the West Indies (SiK HOWARD Clerk Clerk DOUGLAS, Naval Evolutions, 1832, p. 51). Clerk persuaded himself that Rodney's suc- cess at Dominica, 12 April 1782, was obtained by carrying out his suggestions, though the details of the battle, closely examined, are widely different from anything described by Clerk, to which, on the other hand, the tac- tics attempted by Suffren in the East Indies bear considerable resemblance [see RODNEY, GEORGE BRYDGES]. A copy of the ' Essay,' privately printed in 1782, was afterwards in tha possession of Lord Rodney, and, having been freely anno- tated by him in the margin, was re-presented to the author in 1789. It is understood to be still in the library at Penicuik. In 1790 the ' Essay ' was published for the first time. It then contained only the first part, sug- gesting a mode of attack from the position to windward. This is all that Rodney seems ever to have known of, and his remarks on the notice of his own action oft" Martinique, 17 April 1780, ought to have been accepted as quite conclusive of his ignorance, at that time, of anything that had been proposed by Clerk. His greater action of 12 April 1782 did not come within the scope of the ' Essay ' as then printed, and no suggestion of his owing anything to Clerk appears ever to have reached him. The second and third parts of the ' Essay,' including the attack from the position to leeward, were first published in 1797, five years after Rodney's death ; and in 1804 a collective edition was published, in the preface to which Clerk, for the first time in public, claimed to have some share in the glories of Dominica. The claim passed then without much notice, but when re- peated and enlarged upon by Professor Play- fair before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1821 (Collected Works, iii. 441), and after- wards in 1827 by an anonymous 'naval officer,' who contributed a preface to a third edition of the ' Essay,' an angry controversy was roused, which is now principally re- markable for the curious ignorance of the subject displayed by most of the disputants. That Professor Playfair, in attempting to exalt his friend's reputation, should show himself utterly ignorant of the details of naval battles was not to be wondered at ; but that the anonymous ' naval officer ' on the one side, or Sir Charles Knowles (Obser- vations on Naval Tactics, 1830) on the other, should betray an equal ignorance of the his- tory, and a still grosser ignorance of the theory, of tactics is indeed extraordinary. So far as related to Rodney and the battle of Dominica, the negation of the claim was clearly settled by the distinct evidence of Sir Howard Douglas, and was loyally ac- cepted by Clerk's son, Lord Eldin. But not- withstanding this, and though the details of Clerk's suggestions have never been put into actual practice, least of all in the battles of First of June, St. Vincent, or Camperdown, we may still believe that, directly or indi- rectly, Clerk'stheorisingdid contribute largely to our successes during the wars of the French revolution. Nelson himself is said to have been a careful student of Clerk's book ; his celebrated memorandum of 9 Oct. 1805, in directing the attack from the position to windward, adhered closely to Clerk's pro- posal, and though he afterwards saw fit to modify the details, the principle was left unchanged. This must be considered Clerk's grand achievement. The lessons he taught were in reality not new, but they had become so overlaid by the pedantry of routine that they had been virtually lost sight of, and, notwithstanding the great victories of Hawke and Rodney, might not have been recognised by the naval service at large, had not this civilian, from an outsider's point of view, given one more proof that a looker-on often sees most of the game. Clerk died on 10 May 1812. He is de- scribed by Lord Cockburn (Memorials of his Time, p. 272) as being, in his later years, ' an interesting and delightful old man ; full of the peculiarities that distinguished the whole family talent, caprice, obstinacy, worth, kindness, and oddity; a striking- looking old gentleman, with grizzly hair, vigorous features, and Scotch speech,' equally fond of a joke and an argument. He married in 1753 Susannah, a younger sister of the brothers Adam the architects [see ADAM, ROBERT], by whom he had one son, John, Lord Eldin [q. v.], and four daughters. His portrait, by Raeburn, was lithographed for the series of his etchings published by the Bannatyne Club, to which is also prefixed a memoir from materials furnished by Lord Eldin. Other portraits are also there noted. [The principal authority for Clerk's life is the Memoir just spoken of. The prefaces of the 2nd and 3rd editions of the Essay on Naval Tactics (1804, 1827) may also be referred to; and as bearing on the controversy about the battle of Dominica (on which many pamphlets were written, mostly quite valueless) Edinburgh Review, li. 1, and Quarterly Review, xlii. 71. This last article was by Sir John Barrow.] J. K. L. CLERK, JOHN, LORD ELDIN (1757- 1832), Scotchjudge, was the eldest son of John Clerk of Eldin [q. v.], the author of an ' Essay on Naval Tactics,' and his wife, Su- sannah Adam, the sister of the celebrated Clerk 43 Clerk architects of that name. He was born in April 1757. Though originally intended for the In- dian civil service, he was apprenticed to a writer of the signet. After serving his articles he practised for a year or two as an accoun- I tant, and eventually was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates on 3 Dec. 1785. He soon made his mark at the bar, where he acquired so extensive a practice that, it is said, at one period of his career he had nearly one-half of the business of the court in his hands. On 11 March 1806 he was ap- pointed solicitor-general to Scotland in the Grenville administration, an office which he held during the twelve months that that ministry lasted. His practice at the bar had been for some time falling off, and his health had already begun to fail, when, on 10 Nov. 1823, he was appointed an ordinary lord of session in the place of Lord Bannatyne. Assuming the title of Lord Eldin, he took his seat on the bench 22 Nov. As a judge he was not a success ; his temperament was not a judicial one, and his infirmities rendered him unfit for the office. After five years of judicial work he resigned in 1828, and was succeeded by Lord Fullerton. As a pleader he was remarkable, both for his acuteness and his marvellous powers of reasoning, as well as for his fertility of re- source. Possessed of a rough, sarcastic hu- mour, he delighted in ridiculing the bench, and was in the habit of saying whatever he liked to the judges without reproof, though on one celebrated occasion, after a prolonged wrangle, he was compelled by the court to make an apology to Lord Glenlee for a fiery retort which he had made in reply to a remark of that judge (Journal of Henry Cockbum, 1874, ii. 207-10). In politics he was a keen whig. He had a considerable taste for fine arts, and occasionally amused himself in drawing and modelling. In ap- pearance he was remarkably plain ; he was also very lame, and paid no attention to his dress. It is related that when walking down High Street one day from the court of session he overheard a young lady saying to her com- panion rather loudly, 'There goes Johnnie Clerk, the lame lawyer.' Upon which he turned round and said, ' No, madam, I may be a lame man, but not a lame lawyer.' A felicitous sketch of this brilliant but eccentric advocate will be found in Cockburn's ' Life of Lord Jeffrey' (1852), i. 199-205. Clerk died unmarried at his house in Picardy Place, Edinburgh, on 30 May 1832, in the seventy- sixth year of his age. A vignette portrait of him will be found in the second volume of Kay, No. 320. His collection of pictures and prints was sold by auction at his house in March 1833, when a serious accident occurred by reason of the floor giving way. [Kay's Original Portraits (1877), ii. 438-42; Brunton and Haig's Senators of the College of Justice (1832), 551, 552; Edinburgh Evening Courant, 2 June 1832 ; Scots Mag. 1823, new ser., xiii. 760 ; Cockburn's Memorials of his Time (1856), 272-3, 407-8; Anderson's History of Edinburgh (1856), 428-9.] G. F. K. B. CLERK, JOSIAH, M.D. (1639-1714), president of the College of Physicians, was matriculated as a pensioner of Peterhouse, Cambridge, in December 1656, and took the two degrees in medicine, M.B. in 1661, M.D. on 3 July 1666. He was admitted a candi- date of the College of Physicians on 26 June 1671, a fellow on 29 July 1675, and was ap- pointed censor in 1677 and 1692. On the death of Sir Thomas Witherley he was named elect on 16 April 1694, delivered the Har- veian oration in 1708, was consiliarius in 1707, 1709, 1710, 1711, and 1712, and was elected to the presidentship, void by the death of Dr. Edward Browne [q. v.], on 13 Sept. 1708, being re-elected at the general election of officers on the 30th of the same month. Clerk ' being indisposed by many bodyly in- firmityes, and also aged,' was unable to act ; he accordingly resigned on 18 Dec., and Dr. Goodall was appointed on 23 Dec. 1708. He had been chosen treasurer on 16 April 1708, and retained that office as long as he lived. Clerk died at his house in Fenchurch Street in the autumn of 1714, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. In the annals of the college cited by Dr. Munk the date of Clerk's death is given as 8 Dec., which is erroneous. His will (reg. in P. C. C. 188, Aston) was proved on 14 Oct. He desired ' to be decently, tho' very privately, buried by night in the vault in St. Olave Hart Street Church, where my honoured mother and my children lye, if it may be done with conveniency.' By his wife Abigail, who survived him, he left a daughter Elizabeth, married to Richard Wil- shaw. Clerk's portrait is at the college. [Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), i. 379.] G. G. CLERK, MATTHEW (1659-1735), Irish presbyterian minister, was born in 1659. He was in Derry during the siege (1689), and received a bullet-wound on the temple, leav- ing a sore, over which he wore a black patch to the end of his days. Not till after the siege did he begin his studies for the ministry. He was ordained in 1697 by the Route pres- bytery as minister of Kilrea and Boveedy, co. Derry. In 1721 he was the sole dissen- tient from the synod's 'charitable declara- Clerk 44 Clerke tion ' enjoining forbearance towards the non- subscribers to the Westminster Confession. Next year he, with two others, entered a strong protest against any compromise with the non-subscribing party. This party at- tacked him in his own presbytery, but though the matter was referred to the synod, the non- subscribers were too much occupied in defend- ing themselves to proceed with it. Clerk's literary contributions to the controversy were the first on either side which appeared with the author's name. His friends considered his manner of writing not sufficiently grave in tone. ' I don't think,' writes Livingstone of Templepatrick to Wodrow, on 23 June 1723, 'his reasoning faculty is despisable, but I wish it were equal to his diverting one, for I think he is one of the most comical old fellows that ever was.' On 29 April 1729 Clerk resigned his charge and emigrated to New Hampshire. On landing he found that James Macgregor, formerly minister of Agha- dowey, and founder of the township of Lon- donderry on the Merrimac, had died on 5 March. He succeeded him as minister, and also engaged in educational work. Clerk was a strict vegetarian, but his abstemious diet did not subdue his warlike spirit. Among the quaint anecdotes told of him is one of his criticising to this effect the prowess of St. Peter : ' He only cut off a chiel's lug, and he ought to ha' split doun his held.' Clerk died on 25 Jan. 1735. He was carried to his grave by old comrades at the Derry siege. He had been thrice married, his third wife being the widow of Macgregor. He published : 1. ' A Letter from the Country to a Friend in Belfast, with respect to the Belfast Society,' &c. (Belfast), 1712 (misprint for 1722), 18mo (issued in June 1722). 2. ' A Letter from the Belfast Society to the Rev. Mr. Matthew Clerk, with an Answer to the Society's Remarks on ... A Letter from the Country,' &c. (Belfast), 1723, 12mo (the Belfast Society's Letter, signed by six of its members [see BKTTCE, MICHAEL, 1686-1735], was sent to Clerk in October 1722). [Reid's Hist. Presb. Ch. in Ireland (Killen), J867, iii. 149, 162; Witherow's Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presb. inlreland, 1st ser. 1879, p. 241 sq.] A. G. CLERK, WILLIAM, LL.D. (d. 1655), civilian, received his education at Trinity Hall, Cambridge (LL.B. 1609, LL.D. 1629). He was admitted an advocate at Doctors' Commons on 23 Oct. 1629 (CooiE, English Civilians, p. 78), and in 1639 he occurs as official of the archdeacon of London (HALE, London Precedents, p. 362). He was ap- pointed one of the judges of the admiralty in 1651 (WooD, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 389). His death occurred about August 1655. Jtf He was author of ' An Epitome of cer- taine late Aspersions cast at Civilians, the Civil and Ecclesiastical Lawes, the Courts Christian, and at Bishops and their Chancel- lors, wherein the Authors thereof are re- futed and repelled,' Dublin, 1631, 4to. This treatise is chiefly in answer to the preface of Sir John Davis's Reports, and to some parts of the case of prsemunire reported by him. [Authorities cited above.] T. C. CLERK-MAXWELL, SIR GEORGE (1715-1784), of Penicuik, second son of Sir John Clerk of Penicuik [q. v.], second baronet, and Janet, daughter of Sir John Inglis of Cramond, was born at Edinburgh in October 1715. He was educated at the uni- versities of Edinburgh and Leyden. From his father he received in patrimony the lands of Drumcrieff in Annandale, and by marriage with Dorothea Clerk- Maxwell, daughter of his uncle William by Agnes Maxwell, heiress of Middlebie, Dumfries- shire, he obtained the lands of Middlebie, adopting thereupon his wife's name, Clerk- Maxwell. He was one of the commissioners of the customs, king's remembrancer in the exchequer, and one of the trustees for im- proving fisheries and manufactures in Scot- land. Both in his private and public capacity he exerted himself with zeal and ability to promote the agricultural and commercial in- terests of the country. At Dumfries he erect ed at considerable expense a linen manufactory, and he set on foot a variety of projects for the mining of lead and copper in the county. In 1755 he addressed two letters to the trustees for the improvement of the fisheries and ma- nufactures of Scotland, regarding the common mode of treating wool, which were published by direction of the board in 1756. He was also the author of a paper on shallow plough- ing, read before the members of the Philoso- phical Society, and published in the third volume of their essays. He was a remark- ably clever draughtsman, and etched a variety of views of Scotland. On the death of his elder brother in 1782, he succeeded to the baronetcy and estates of Penicuik. He died 29 Jan. 1784, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son John. He had four other sons and four daughters. [Douglas's Baronage of Scotland, i. 462-3 ; Gent. Mag. liv. pt. i. 314 ; Scots Mag. xlvi. 55 ; Anderson's Scottish Nation.] T. F. H. CLERKE. and CLERK.] [See also CLARK, CLARKE, ^ He was buried on 3 Aug. at St. Benet's, Paul's Wharf (Reg. iv. 43 : Harl. Soc. xli. cited in Clerke 45 Clerke CLERKE, BARTHOLOMEW, LL.D. (1537 P-1590), civilian, was grandson of Richard Clerke, gentleman, of Livermere in Suffolk, and son of John Clerke of Wells, Somersetshire, by Anne, daughter and heiress of Henry Grantoft, gentleman, of Hunting- donshire. He was born about 1537 in the parts of Surrey which adjoin London. He received his education at Eton, whence he was elected to King's College, Cambridge, being admitted scholar on 23 Aug. 1554 and fellow on 24 Aug. 1557. He proceeded B. A. in 1558-9, and commenced M.A. in 1562. He also studied at Paris, where he was much admired for his oratory, and he was promised a salary of three hundred crowns if he would read a public lecture at Angers, but this offer he declined. About 1563 he was professor of rhetoric at Cambridge. When Queen Eliza- beth visited that university in August 1564, he took a part in the philosophy act which was kept in her majesty's presence, and made an oration to her when she visited King's College. He was one of the proctors of the university for the academical year be- ginning in October 1564. On the death of Roger Ascham he was recommended to suc- ceed him as Latin secretary to the queen by Sir William Cecil, the Earl of Leicester, and Dr. Walter Haddon. The office had, how- ever, been previously promised by her majesty to another person. About the same time he was accused of unsoundness in religion, but this charge he confuted. In 1569 he was again elected proctor of the university. On this occasion he was publicly charged with un- soundness in religion and reproached for having been rejected at court. Thereupon the Earl of Leicester, by a letter to the vice- chancellor and regents of the university, dated 11 May 1569, fully vindicated Clerke's reputation, highly commended his learning, and stated that the queen had conceived a right good opinion of his towardness. To the parliament which assembled on 2 April 1571 he was returned as one of the members for the borough of Bramber in Sussex (WiLLis, Notitia Parliamentaria, iii. pt. ii. p. 85), and on the 19th of that month he took part in a debate on the bill against usury, his speech containing quotations from Aristotle, Plato, St. Augustine, and the psalmist. In that year he accompanied Lord Buckhurst to Paris when that nobleman was sent as ambassador to the French court to con- gratulate Charles IX on his marriage. He resided with his lordship for some time after his return to England, and he was also held in great esteem by Edward Vere, earl of Ox- ford, to whom he seems to have been tutor (STRYPE, Life of Parker, p. 384). It was in 1571 that Dr. Nicholas Sanders printed his book, ' De visibili Ecclesise Monarchia/ Burghley and Archbishop Parker thought it ought to receive a substantial answer by some person well skilled in the civil law, and they could find no one equal to such an undertaking except Clerke. Burghley de- sired some public testimony from the univer- sity respecting Clerke's conduct. Accord- ingly the vice-chancellor and Dr. Whitgift, master of Trinity College, testified on 6 Dec. 1572 to his good reputation for learning. While engaged in refuting Sanders, Clerke was accommodated with a room in the Arches by favour of Archbishop Parker, who him- self assisted in preparing the reply, which was carefully scrutinised and corrected by the lord treasurer himself before it was sent to the press (STRYPE, Whitgift, p. 47, and Parker, p. 381 ; also Parker Correspondence, pp. 411-14). On 14 Jan. 1572-3 Clerke be- came a member of the College of Advocates at Doctors' Commons, and on 3 May 1573 he was constituted dean of the arches (CooiE, English Civilians, p. 50). The queen, at the instigation, it is supposed, of the Earl of Leicester and the puritans, commanded the archbishop to remove Clerke on the pretence that he was too young to hold such a post. He firmly resisted this arbitrary attempt to remove him, and as his cause was warmly espoused by the primate he succeeded in re- taining his office (STRTPE, Parker, p. 387, Append, p. 123 ; Parker Correspondence, pp. 417-32). In November 1573 he occurs in a commis- sion from the archbishop to visit the church, city, and diocese of Canterbury. About the same time he was appointed a master in chancery. His name occurs in the high com- mission for causes ecclesiastical on 23 April 1576, and he became archdeacon of Wells about the beginning of 1582. In December 1585 he and Henry Killegrew were sent to Flanders to co-operate with the Earl of Lei- cester , being appointed members of the council of state. On 10 March 1585-6 Clerke de- livered an oration in Leicester's name, on his arrival in Amsterdam, and in October following he was despatched to England by Leicester on a special mission to the queen. In 1587 he was again sent to the Low Coun- tries, with his friend Lord Buckhurst and Sir John Norris, in order to allay the discon- tent which had been excited by the Earl of Leicester's proceedings in Holland, and to open the way for a peace with Spain. It is said that Clerke was a member of the old Society of Antiquaries (Archceologia, i. introd. p. xx). For several years his ordi- nary residence was at Mitcham in Surrey, Clerke 4 6 Clerke and he was lord of the manor of Clapham in that county. He died on 12 March 1589-90, and was buried in the old church at Clapham. By his wife Eleanor [Haselrigge] he had a son, Sir Francis Clerke of Merton in Surrey (not Francis Clerke, the civilian) [q. v.], who is said to have been an eminent benefactor to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (but cf. COLE, Hist, of King's Coll. Camb. ii. 97). His works are : 1. ' Balthasaris Castilionis comitis de Curiali, sive Aulico, libri quatuor, ex Italico sermone in Latinum conversi,' ... 15 ... London, 1571, 8vo ; 1577, 12mo ; 1585, 8vo; 1603, 12mo; 1612, 8vo ; Stras- burg, 1619, 8vo ; Cambridge, 1713, 8vo. This work receives high commendation from Sir John Harington in his preface to his ' Or- lando Furioso,' 1591 (HASLEWOOD, Ancient Critical Essays, ii. 143). 2. ' Fidelis servi subdito infideli responsio, una cum errorum et calumniarum examine quse continentur in septimo libro De visibili ecclesiae monarchia a Nicholao Sandero conscripto,' London, 1573, 4to. Sanders wrote a rejoinder bearing the same title : ' Responsio servi fidelis subdito in- fideli' (PiTS, De Scriptoribus, p. 775 ; DA VIES, Athence Britannicce, pref. p. 77). 3. ' Cantise status ab adventu Csesaris.' Verses in the Earl of Sunderland's copy of Archbishop Parker's ' Antiquitates Britannicae ; ' transcribed in Baker's MS. xxxii. 216. 4. ' The reasonable Answer of the Official of the Arches, who ... is driven to defend the ancient dignity of the Court of Arches, and Official thereof: not with triple titles and gay terms, but by reason, law, and statute,' 1576. MS. Petyt. [Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), pp. 910, 979, 1071, 1125; Cole's Hist, of King's Coll. Camb. ii. 92-7 ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 70, 544; Guillim's Display of Heraldry (1724), p. 246 ; Harwood's Alumni Eton. p. 170 ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Lodge's Illustr. of British Hist, ii. 318 ; Lysons's Environs, Suppl. p. 19; Man- ning and Bray's Surrey, iii. 361, 365 ; Cal. of State Papers (Dom. 1547-80), pp. 257, 260, 291, 320, 324, 346, 397, 473 ; Strype's Works (gen. index) ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Wood's Fasti Oxon." (Bliss), i. 195; Leicester Correspondence (Camden Soc).] T. C. CLERKE, CHARLES (1741-1779), cap- tain in the royal navy, circumnavigator, en- tered the navy about 1755, served continu- ously during the seven years' war, and was on board the Bellona when she captured the Courageux on 13 Aug. 1761. During the action Clerke was stationed in the mizen- top, and when the mizen-mast was shot away fell with it into the sea, happily, how- ever, without any serious hurt. After the peace he was appointed midshipman of the Dolphin, and sailed with Commodore the Hon. John Byron [q. v.] in his voyage round the world (1764-6). On his return he communi- cated to the secretary of the Royal Society an account of the great height of the Pa- tagonians, among whom he says they saw ' hardly a man less than eight feet ; most of them were considerably more.' The paper was read before the society on 12 Feb. 1767, and published in the ' Philosophical Transac- tions,' Ivii. 75. In 1768 he was appointed as master's mate to the Endeavour, with Cap- tain Cook [see COOK, JAMES], and again sailed round the world in that expedition, 1768-71. He had been promoted during the voyage to the rank of lieutenant, and sailed as second lieutenant of the Resolution in Cook's second voyage round the world, 1772-5. On his re- turn to England he was advanced to the rank of commander, and when Cook's third expe- dition was fitting out in 1776, Clerke was appointed to command the Discovery. On the death of Captain Cook on 14 Feb. 1779, Clerke succeeded to the vacant rank and the command of the expedition, which, however, he did not long enjoy, dying of a lingering consumption within little more than six months. During this short time he had given proofs not only of his zeal for the service in which he was engaged, but of his ability, energy, and devotion. He had taken the ship into high latitudes. The climate proved ex- tremely trying to his fatal disease ; but as his orders were to look for a north-west pas- sage, he persisted until ' it was the opinion of every officer in both ships that it was imprac- ticable, and that any farther attempts would not only be fruitless, but dangerous.' But it was then too late. He died in Avatcha Bay on 22 Aug. 1779. [A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean during the years 1776-80, vol. iii. by Captain James King, p. 280 et seq.] J. K. L. CLERKE or CLARKE, FRANCIS (Jl. 1594), civilian, after a short stay at Ox- ford, left the university and went to Doctors' Commons, and for about forty years practised civil law in various courts. In consequence of his having acted as senior proctor for the university he received the degree of B.C.L. without examination in 1594, having then practised in London about thirty-five years. He wrote ' Praxis tarn jus dicentibus quam aliis omnibus qui in foro ecclesiastico ver- santur,' finished in 1596, but not published until after the author's death ; an edition was published at Dublin in 1664, 4to (Brit. Mus.), and another by T. Bladen, dean of Ardfert, Ireland, 1666 (WOOD), 2nd ed. 1684, 4to (Brit. Mus.) ; and ' Praxis curise Ad- Clerke 47 Clerke miralitatis Anglise,' Dublin, 1666 (WOOD); London, 1667, 8vo; edited by F. Hargrave, 1743, 8vo ; 5th edition, 1798, 12mo ; also in Latin and English, 1722, and again trans- lated with notes referring to American ad- miralty practice by J. E. Hall in the second part of his ' Practice and Jurisdiction of the Court of Admiralty,' Baltimore, 1809, 8vo. [Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 657 ; Marvin's Legal Bibliography, 151 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] CLERKE, GILBERT (1626-1697 ?), mathematician and theological writer, born at Uppingham, Rutlandshire, in 1626, was a son of John Clerke, master of the school there. In 1641 he was admitted into Sid- ney Sussex College, Cambridge, and there he proceeded M.A., being elected a fellow in 1648. In 1651 an increase to his allow- ance was granted, and he received presby- terian ordination ; he became proctor also in the next year, 1652 ; but in 1655 he resigned his fellowship and quitted the university, because the statutes required him to take the degree of bachelor of divinity, and his con- scientious scruples made this impossible. His great acquirements brought him into com- munication with Dr. Cumberland, his con- temporary at Cambridge, with Whiston, and others; but, inheriting a small property, yielding 40/. a year, at Luffingham, North- amptonshire, he contented himself with quietly pursuing his mathematical studies in that county to the end of his life. Thence in 1660 he issued his first work, ' De Pleni- tudine Mundi,' &c. In this he reviewed Descartes and attacked Bacon, Hobbes, and Seth Ward. In the ensuing year he was engaged in following the lines of Torricelli and Boyle ; and, dedicating the resulting work to Sir Justinian Isham, he brought it out in 1662 as ' Tractatus de Restitutione Cor- porum,' &c. Another work of his was ' Fi- nalis Concordia,' alluded to by him in some correspondence with Baxter on church divi- sions. In 1682 he published his thoughts on Oughtred's ' Clavis Mathematica,' with the title ' Oughtredus explicatus,' part i. dedi- cated to his original patron, Isham, part ii. to Sir Walter Chetwynd. In this work Clerke spoke of his invention of the spot- dial, and to meet the general demand for such an instrument, he published his ' Description' of it in 1687, this being the only work he wrote in English. In 1695 appeared ' Trac- tatus Tres,' in answer to Dr. Bull's Nicene writings, the first two of these being by Clerke and the third anonymous, though he is accredited with the whole three by some writers, while others take from him the two to which he put his name and attribute them all to Samuel Crellis (Anti-Trin.Biog. p. 485). Clerke's position as an original theo- logian is also questioned ; it is thought he merely reproduced Zwicker's arguments. Even the county in which he lived has been disputed, because Whiston knew him as a noted mathematician at Stamford, and Nel- son, in ' Life of Bull,' says his home was in Northamptonshire. The two statements agree in reality, for one part of the Lincolnshire city, the hamlet called Stamford Baron, is in Northamptonshire (MagnaBrit. iii.475),and Clerke no doubt resided there, since all his directions to find the meridian, &c., relate to observations taken at Stamford. The manner and the time of his death are not recorded. He is supposed to have died about 1697. [Wallace's Anti-Trinitarian Biog. iii. 261, 362-6, 485; De Plenitudine Mundi, Praefatio; The Spot-Dial, To Courteous Reader, n. p., and ib. 22.] J. H. CLERKE, HENRY, M.D. (d. 1687), phy- sician, son of Thomas Clerke of Willoughby, Warwickshire, was matriculated at Magda- len Hall on 20 April 1638, at the age of sixteen, obtained a demyship at Magdalen College, and was probationer fellow of that society from 1642 to 1667. He graduated B.A. on 4 Dec. 1641, M.A. on 21 June 1644. He was reader in logic at his college in 1643, bursar in 1653, 1656, and 1662, vice-president in 1655, and again in 1663. He seems to have submitted to the parliamentary visitors in May 1648. Meanwhile he had taken the degree of M.D. by accumulation on 27 May 1652, and was incorporated at Cambridge in 1673. In 1657 he was appointed deputy lecturer in anatomy at Oxford. He was ad- mitted a candidate of the College of Physi- cians on 5 April 1658, and a fellow on 25 June 1669. He was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society on 7 Nov. 1667. Upon the death of Dr. Thomas Pierce in 1672 Clerke was elected president of Magdalen College on 5 March of that year. In order to fully qualify himself for the office he soon after- wards took orders. He was appointed vice- chancellor on 9 Oct. 1676. Clerke married Catherine, fourth daughter of William Adams of Charwelton, Northamptonshire, and had by her, who died in 1669 at the age of thirty- three, a son Henry, who died in the same year with his mother, and a daughter Cathe- rine. His daughter, called by the college wits the Infanta, was married in 1682 to Mr. (afterwards Sir Richard) Shuttleworth of Gawthorp Hall, near Burnley, Lancashire, at that time a gentleman commoner of Trinity College. Their united ages did not exceed thirty-three years. Clerke continued presi- Clerke Clerke dent until his death, which occurred at the seat of his son-in-law on 24 March 1687, at the age of sixty-eight. He was buried with his ancestors at Willoughby. A monument was afterwards erected on the north wall of the north aisle of the church, which some forty years ago was restored at the expense of the college, ' who for many reasons justly considered the president to be a great bene- factor.' In his will he bequeathed to the college ' the sum of fifty pounds, to be laid out in a gilded bowl with a cover, and to be placed upon the altar.' Clerke has some verses in ' Musarum Oxoniensium Charis- teria,' 1638, and in ' Horti Carolini Rosa Altera,' 1640. A portrait of Clerke, copied from one at Gawthorp, is in the president's lodgings at Magdalen College. [Bloxam's Keg. of Magd. Coll. Oxford ; Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), i. 358-9 ; Foster's Lanca- shire Pedigrees, sub ' Shuttle-worth.'] G. Q. CLERKE, RICHARD, D.D. (d. 1634), divine, was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was created D.D. He became vicar of Minster in the Isle of Thanet on 19 Oct. 1597, and afterwards obtained in addition the vicarage of the adjoining parish of Monkton. On 8 May 1602 he was ap- pointed one of the six preachers of Christ Church, Canterbury (Ls NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 53). He died in 1634. He was one of the learned men employed in the authorised translation of the Old Tes- tament, being one of the class to which the ! portion from Genesis to 2 Kings inclusive ' was entrusted. A large folio volume of his ' Sermons ' was published at London in 1637 | by Charles White, M.A., one of the six I preachers of Christ Church, Canterbury. [Lewis's Hist, of the Isle of Tenet, ed. 1736, ' pp. 62, 101 ; Hasted's Kent, ed. 1800, x. 285, | 292 ; Lewis's Hist, of English Translations of i the Bible, p. 310; Anderson's Annals of the j English Bible, ii. 374 ; Reading's Hist, of Sion \ College, p. 41 ; Harl. MS. 6350, art. 8 f. 16.] T. C. CLERKE, THOMAS HENRY SHAD- WELL (1792-1849), major unattached, mili- tary journalist, was a native of Bandon, co. Cork. Being intended for the army, a pro- fession also adopted by his brothers, St. John Augustus Clerke, who died a lieutenant-gene- ral and colonel 75th foot, 17 Jan. 1870, and William Clerke, afterwards a major 77th foot, he was sent to the Royal Military College, Great Marlow, where he distinguished himself by his abilities, and was appointed to an en- signcy without purchase in 1808. As a subal- tern in 28th and 5th foot he served through the Peninsular campaigns until the loss of his right leg in the combat at Redinha in 1811 in- capacitated him for further active service, and, on the recommendation of Lord Wellington, he was promoted to a company in the 1st garri- son battalion (GuBwooD, Wellington Desp. v. 122), with which he did duty until its reduc- tion in 1814. He afterwards served with the 2nd battalion 57th, and on the army depot staff. He was promoted to a majority un- attached in 1830. He became editor of ' Col- burn's United Service Magazine ' when that journal was started in January 1829, and so continued until July 1842. On the death of Colonel Gurwood, he was entrusted with the task of seeing the last volume of ' Se- lections from the Wellington Despatches r through the press. He possessed a familiar acquaintance with the French, Italian, and Spanish languages, and, although his name does not appear as the author of any scientific or other works, was a very active member of the British Association and of various learned societies. At the time of his death he was a F.R.S. (elected 10 April 1833), a vice-pre- sident of the Royal United Service Institu- tion, of which he had been one of the origi- nators, a fellow of the Royal Astronomical and Geological Societies, and for a short time had been honorary foreign secretary of the Royal Geographical Society. He died at his residence, Brompton Grove, of paralysis, 19 April 1849. [Army Lists ; Colburn's United Service Mag. July 1842, May 1849; Abstracts Royal Soc. 1853, p. 888.] H. M. C. CLERKE, WILLIAM (fi. 1595), mis- cellaneous writer, matriculated as a sizar of Trinity College, Cambridge, in June 1575, became a scholar of that house, and in 1578-9 proceeded B.A. He was soon afterward* elected a fellow of his college, and in 1582 he commenced M.A. There was a William Clerke, possibly the same, who was admitted to St. Paul's School on the recommendation of Mr. Malyne, and who received money 3 June 1579 and 20 Feb. 1579-80, on going to Cambridge, from Robert Nowel's estate. He is the supposed author of : 1. ' The Triallof Bastardie. . . . Annexed at the end of this Treatise, touching the prohibition of Mar- riage, a Table of the Levitical, English, and Positive Canon Catalogues, their concordance and difference,' Lond. 1594, 4to. 2. ' Poli- manteia, or, the meanes lawfull and unlaw- full, to judge of the fall of a Common-wealth against the frivolous and foolish conjectures of this age. Whereunto is added a letter from England to her three daughters, Cam- bridge, Oxford, Innes of Court, and to all the rest of her inhabitants, perswading them to Clerke 49 Cleveland & constant unitie of what religion soever they are . . .' Cambridge, 1595, 4to. The dedica- tion to Robert Devereux, earl of Essex, is signed ' W. C.' In this very curious and interesting work mention is made of our old English writers, ' sweet Shakespeare,' Harvey, Nash, and ' divine Spenser.' It has been said that this is the earliest known publication in which Shakespeare's name is mentioned ; but it occurs previously in the commendatory verses prefixed to ' Willobie his A visa,' 1594. [Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 1284, 1483; Bliss's Sale Cat. i. 77 ; Brydges's Brit. Bibl. i. 274-85 ; Cat.Libb. Impress. Bibl. Bodl. ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 243 ; Gardiner's Reg. of St. Paul's School, 26 ; Ingleby's Shakespeare's Cen- turye of Prayse, 6, 15 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), 480, 1906.] T. C. CLERKE, SIB WILLIAM HENRY (1751-1818), eighth baronet, rector of Bury, Lancashire, of an old Buckinghamshire fa- mily, was born 25 Nov. 1751, and received his later education at All Souls' College, Oxford. In 1778 he succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his elder brother Francis, who was the favourite aide-de-camp to General John Burgoyne in North America, and was mor- tally wounded at Saratoga (DE FotfBLANau~E, p. 295). When dying, Francis asked Burgoyne to endeavour, on his return to England, to procure preferment for his brother, who had taken orders. The twelfth Earl of Derby, at the instance no doubt of General Burgoyne, who had married the earl's aunt, presented Clerke to the rectory of Bury, to which he was instituted 6 Feb. 1778, taking his B.C.L. degree at Oxford in the October following. He paid much attention to the physical health of his parishioners, vaccinating the children of the poor, and even going to Rochdale once a week for a considerable time to perform the same operation. On the occasion of an out- break of fever he issued, in 1790, ' Thoughts upon the Means of Preserving the Health of the Poor by Prevention and Suppression of Epidemic Fever,' a pamphlet containing useful sanitary suggestions, and a long letter on its subject-matter by the philanthropic Dr. Tho- mas Percival [q. v.] At a time when a French invasion was feared he printed 'A Sermon preached in the Parish Church of Bury on the 18th October 1798, on the occasion of the colours being presented to the Bury Loyal Association,' &c.,and 'A Serious Address to the People of this Country.' Appended to the sermon was the speech made on the re- ception of the colours by the lieutenant- colonel commandant of the Bury volunteers, the first Sir Robert Peel, whose second wife was Clerke's sister. Another of Clerke's pub- lications is his undated 'Penitens, or the VOL. XI. Dying Tradesman, extracted from the books of a late pious writer. To which is added Prayers,' &c. Clerke was fond of agricultural pursuits and enterprises, and dealt exten- sively in corn, malt, and lime, borrowing largely in the course of his undertakings. He was a simple-minded man, was fleeced by his subordinates, and at last his living was se- questered for the benefit of his creditors. He died 10 April 1818, in the Fleet prison, where he was incarcerated for debt. In May 1792 he married Byzantia, daughter of Thomas Cart- wright of Aynhoe. His eldest son, William Henry (1793-1861), became ninth baronet, and served in the Peninsula and at Waterloo. [Barton's History of the Borough of Bury in Lancashire, 1874; Baines's Lancashire ; Collins's Peerage, by Brydges ; Betham's and Foster's Baronetages ; Catalogue of Oxford Graduates ; E. de Fonblanque's Political and Military Epi- sodes . . . derived from the life and correspon- dence of the Right Hon. John Burgoyne, General, &c., 1876; information communicated by Mr. C. W. Sutton.] F. E. CLERY, MICHAEL. [See O'CLEAKY.] CLEVELAND, AUGUSTUS (1766- 1784), Bengal civilian, is said to have been a cousin of Sir John Shore, first lord Teign- mouth and governor-general of India (Life of Lord Teignmouthj by his Son, i. 88), and seems to have been an Indian administrator of exceptional ability. He was collector and magistrate of Boglipoor, and died in his twenty-ninth year from his exertions in civi- lising the mountain tribes in his district and preventing them from fighting the inhabitants of the plains. Though he died so young, he had made his mark ; Warren Hastings erected a monument to him at Calcutta, and the na- tives of his district one in their midst ; John Shore wrote a remarkable monody on his early death (Life of Lord Teignmouth, i. 489- 494), and Bishop Heber, who did not reach Calcutta until many years afterwards, found his memory still treasured in the province which he had ruled. One of his most judi- cious steps was to raise a corps of sepoys out of the wildest of the mountaineers, and to make the greatest freebooter their captain ; and by giving them regular employment he saved the lowlands from their incursions. Bishop Heber found the monument at Bogli- poor in good preservation, and relates that it was the custom of the natives to assemble there and hold a ' poojah ' or religious festival in his honour; and Lord Hastings re-esta- blished the school which he had founded and revived his corps of mountaineers. [Life of Lord Te'gnmouth, by his Son ; He- ber's Indian Journal.J H. M. S. Cleveland Cleveland CLEVELAND, DUCHESS OF. [See VIL- LIERS, BARBARA..] CLEVELAND, JOHN (1613-1658), the cavalier poet (whose name is properly spelt Cleiveland, from the former residence of the family in Yorkshire), was born at Lough- borough, Leicestershire, in June 1613, and baptised on the 20th of the same month, as appears from the church register of SS. Peter and Paul (now known as All Saints). The poet's father, Thomas, was usher at Burton's Charity School from 1611 to 1621 (as proved by the Burton's Charity accounts), for which he received the stipend of 21. half-yearly. The head-masters during that period were John Dawson and Woodmansly. Thomas Cleve- land (father of John) must have been of straitened means, as appears from entries of small payments from 1611 to 1621 in the Burton's Charity accounts. The last recorded payment to him is on Lady day 1621. He also assisted the rector of Loughborough, John Browne the elder, whose will was dated 21Feb. 1622-3, and was in 1621 presented to the living of Hinckley, a small market town in Leicestershire. As a royalist, he was dis- possessed by the parliament in 1644-5 ; his congregation was dispersed by the committee of Leicester. He died in October 1652, 'and was a very worthy person, and of a most exemplary life ' (WALKER, Sufferings of the Clergy, p. 221). John's early years were spent at Lough- borough, and afterwards at Hinckley, where he was educated under the Rev. Richard Vynes, who is mentioned as ' the Luther of the presbyterians ' (NICHOLS, Leicestershire), and as ' a man of genius and learning.' David Lloyd declares that Cleveland's natural fancy owed much of its culture to the Greek and Latin exercises which were superintended by Vynes, ' who was afterwards distinguished among the presbyterians, as his scholar was among the cavaliers ' (LLOYD, Memoires, p. 617). In his fifteenth year Cleveland went to Cambridge, and was admitted, 4 Sept. 1627, at Christ's College, where he remained until he took the degree of B. A. in 1631 (RICHARD- SON, List of Graduates). He was then trans- planted to St. John's College, there elected fellow on 27 March 1634, proceeded M.A. in 1635 (BAKER, Hist. St. John's Coll. Cam- bridge, p. 294), and was unanimously admitted 24 March 1639-40 as ' legista ' (ib. p. 295). Cleveland did not take orders, and within six years after election to his fellowship it was necessary to choose either law or physic, in accordance with the statutes. Cleveland not only pursued the ' law line,' but was admitted on that of physic on 31 Jan. 1642 (ALEX. CHAL- MERS). He lived at Cambridge nine years, ' the delight and ornament of St. John's so- ciety. What service as well as reputation he did it, let his orations and epistles speak ; to which the library oweth much of its learning, the chapel much of its pious decency, and the college much of its renown' (Clievelandi Vindicice). One of his orations, addressed to Charles I when on a visit to Cambridge in 1641, gratified the king, who called for him, gave him his hand to kiss, and commanded a copy to be sent after him to Huntingdon. In 1637 Cleveland was incorporated M.A. at Oxford (WooD, Fasti Oxon.) When Crom- well was a candidate for the representation of Cambridge in the Long parliament, Cleve- land vehemently opposed him, and, when the future Protector was returned by a majo- rity of one, declared publicly that ' that single vote had ruined both church and kingdom.' The master and several of the fellows were ejected by the parliamentary visitors (BAKER, p. 225). By order dated 13 Feb. 1644-5, the Earl of Manchester ' directed Anthony Houl- den to be admitted in Cleveland's place, which was done 17 Feb.' Cleveland, whose father also suffered for his loyalty, had been one of the college tutors until his ejection, and was highly respected by his pupils, several of whom became eminent. Among them were John Lake, afterwards bishop of Chichester (THORESBT, Vicaria Leodensis, p. 99), and Dr. Samuel Drake, S.T.B., vicar of Ponte- fract. Long afterwards these two men edited their instructor's poems. Cleveland went to the royalist army at Oxford. His sportive sallies of verse, his sound scholarship, and his frank, generous disposition made him a favourite not only with the learned but with the military. Promoted to the office of judge- advocate under Sir Richard Willis, the gover- nor, he remained with the garrison of Newark until the surrender. His appointment was noticed by the opposite faction thus in the 'Kingdome's Weeklv Intelligencer,' No. 101, p. 811, for Tuesday,* 27 May 1645 : ' But to speak something of our friend Cleveland, that grand malignant of Cambridge, we hear that now he is at Newark, where he hath the title of advocate put upon him. His office and em- ployment is to gather all college rents within the power of the king's forces in those parts, which he distributes to such as are turned out of their fellowships at Cambridge for their malignancy.' He has been commended for his skilful and upright conduct in the diffi- cult office at so disturbed a time. He 'was a just and prudent judge for the king, and a faithful advocate for the country.' Unwearied in labours, inexhaustible in jests and playful sarcasms, he kept up the spirits of all around Cleveland Cleveland him. Comparatively few of his political poems have come down to us. That on ' The King's Disguise,' and the prose answer which he drew up to the summons of the besiegers of Newark, are specimens of his skill. He con- cludes the letter : ' When I received my com- mission for the government of this place, I annexed my life as a label to my trust.' His loyalty never decayed, nor did he despond in evil days. He avowed his readiness to resist to the last, but he found that ' the king's especial command, when first he surrendered himself into the hands of the Scots, made such stub- born loyalty a crime.' We are assured that Cleveland foresaw, and declared beforehand, that shameful sale of his sovereign's blood three days before the king reached the Scot- tish army. He expressed his loyal indigna- tion in that memorable outburst entitled ' The Rebel Scot,' which has never been forgiven in the north, and which expressed his disgust and loathing for the treachery and arrogance of the Scots. He says of them, with biting sarcasm, in memorable words, ' praying with curst intent ' may they never suffer banishment ! Had Cain been Scot, God would have changed his doom, Not forced him wander, but confin'dhim home. He asserts that it is only their ravenous hun- fer which makes ' the Scots errant fight, and ght to eat.' He shows how even their scru- pulosity in religion springs from their empty stomachs. His final couplet aroused the ut- most anger : A Scot, when from the gallows-tree got loose, Drops into Styx, and turns a Soland goose. Answers were attempted by Barlow and others. The best are some manuscript lines by Andrew Marvell on Douglas, the ' loyal Scot,' during the Dutch war, only part of which appears in his printed works. Many poems were attributed to Cleveland which he would have disdained to write, but also many of the best occasional satires of the day came from him, and these still lack careful editing and identification. The s urrender of Newark threw him out of employment, and although left at liberty, except during one brief inter- val, he was almost destitute. He found hos- pitality among the impoverished cavaliers. He gave in requital his services as tutor and the delight of his companionship. He was obliged to be circumspect, and cautiously limit the exercise of his wit so as not to gall the do- minant powers. His brother AVilliam was in equal difficulties, but lived to find reward and brief preferment after the Restoration, be- coming rector of Oldbury and Quatt, near Bridgnorth, Shropshire. He died in 1666, and left a sou who was great-grandfather of Dr. Thomas Percy, bishop of Dromore and editor of the ' Reliques.' Aubrey relates that ' after the king was beaten out of the field, he (John Cleveland) came to London, where he and Samuel Butler of the same society had a club every night ' (manuscript in Museo Ashmol. cit.) That any such regular club was main- tained is improbable, but there was certainly friendship between the men. In November 1655 Cleveland was seized at Norwich. He had been reported by one Major-general Haines. The charges are five in number : ' 1. Gives no account of his reason for being at Norwich, " only he pretends that Edward Cooke, Esq., maketh use of him to help him in his studies." 2. Confesses that he hath lived in strict privacy at Mr. Cooke's. 3. At Cooke's house,"a family of notorious disorder," royalists and papists resort. 4. That Mr. Cleaveland liveth in a genteel garb, yet he confesseth that he hath no estate but 20/. per annum allowed by two gentlemen, and 30/. per annum paid by Mr. Cooke. 5. Mr. Cleave- land is a person of great abilities, and so able to do the greater disservice.' The charge is dated 10 Nov. 1655. Cleveland was sent to Yarmouth, and there imprisoned for three months, until he obtained release at the order of Cromwell, to whom he had written a manly and characteristic letter devoid of ser- vility or arrogance. He obtained freedom without sacrifice of principle and indepen- dence. Having obtained release he continued to live retired from the world. Apparently he never pursued the practice of physic, but de- pended chiefly on teaching for his support. Next he tried successfully to publish his early writings. Before 1656 the small volume of ' Poems by J. C.' was extensively circulated. In that year they were reissued by ' W. S.,' probably William Sheares, who next year printed the ' Petition.' This edition claims to have ' additions never before printed ' (108 pp. with eight separately numbered, ' The Cha- racter of a Diurnall-Maker '). There are thirty-six poems ; a few are loyal elegies on Charles I, Strafford, and Laud, and there are some sharp satires on ' The Mixt Assembly,' ' Smectymnuus, or the Club Divine,' the ' Scots Apostasie,' and the ' Hue and Cry after Sir John Presbyter/ such as had so galled his poli- tical foes. One of the elegies was written ' on the memory of Mr. Edward King, drowned in the Irish seas,' whom Milton also mourned in his 'Lycidas.' Probably nearly all the amatory poems had been of similarly early date, written while at Christ's College and St. John's. He went to live at Gray's Inn, ' after many intermediate stages (which con- 2 Cleveland tended emulously for his abode as the seven cities for Homer's birth).' He had not long resided there before ' an intermittent fever seized him, whereof he died, a disease at that time epidemical.' This was on Thursday, 29 April 1658. His body was removed to Hunsdon House, and carried thence on Satur- day, May day, for burial in the parish church of St. Michael Royal on College Hill. Mr. Edward Thurman performed the service. The Rev. Dr. John Pearson (afterwards bishop of Chester, expositor of the Creed) preached the funeral sermon. Thomas Fuller ranks Cleve- land among Leicestershire worthies as ' a general artist, pure latinist, exquisite orator, and eminent poet. His epithets were preg- nant with metaphysics, carrying in them a difficult plainness, difficult at the hearing, plain at the considering thereof. Never so eminent a poet was interred with fewer (if any remarkable) elegies upon him.' Samuel Butler's grief and affection needed no public outcry. He is probably alluded to, with his care for his friend's reputation, in the preface by E. Williamson to 'J. Cleaveland revived' (21 Nov. 1658 ; the second edition, 1666), when he mentions ' certain poems in manu- script received from other of Mr. Cleveland's near acquaintance, which when I sent to his ever-to-be-honoured friend of Gray's Inn, he had not at that time the leisure to peruse them ; but for what he had read of them he told the person I intrusted that he did be- lieve them to be Mr. Cleaveland's, he having formerly spoken of such papers of his, that were abroad in the hands of his friends, whom he could not remember.' In 1677 Oba- diah Blagrove printed the volume ' Clieve- landi Vindicise ; or, Cleveland's Genuine Poems, Orations, Epistles, &c., purged from the many false and spurious ones that had usurped his name. . . . Published accord- ing to the author's own copies.' The dedi- cation to Francis Turner, D.D., master of St. John's College, Cambridge, is signed by J. L. andS. D. (Lake and Drake, already men- tioned), who were doubtless the writers of the ' Short Account of the Author's Life ' which followed, with one of the five elegies. We may safely accept the contents of this volume as genuine, but it is far from contain- ing all Cleveland's extant writings. Guthrie records the saying of General Lesley, when Cleveland had been brought before him, charged with having some political poems in his pocket : ' Is this all ye have to charge him with ? ' said the general ; ' for shame ! let the poor fellow go about his business and sell his ballads ' (Biog. Brit. p. 631). Milton's nephew, Edward Phillips, in 1675 wrote disparagingly of him, being evidently jealous of this rival of his own dead uncle's fame (Theatrum Poetarum Anglicanorwri) . To the 1661 edition of ' Poems by John Cleavland [sic], with Additions never before printed,' is prefixed a copperplate portrait, probably authentic, showing a pleasant, hand- some face, with long curling hair, well curved eyebrows, and expression combining thought- ful gravity and intellect with a genial smile of mirthfulness. It is declared to be ' Vera et viva effigies Johannis Cleeveland.' The portrait is in an oval, formed by palm-leaves. In the ' Vindiciae ' also is a copperplate por- trait, which Granger mentions as ' in a clerical habit,' and ' probably fictitious, because he waa never in orders.' But the dress seems to in- dicate a lawyer's gown, and he wears a collar not exclusively ecclesiastical. This portrait of Cleveland is pleasing, of good features, though large and some what heavy. Another portrait, accounted genuine, is engraved in Nichols's ' Select Collection of Miscellaneous Poems,' vol. vii. 1781, from an original paint-* ing by Fuller, in possession of Bishop Percy of Dromore. His printed works may fail to sustain his former reputation in the opinion of those who cannot make allowance for their evanescent or ephemeral character. His influence on Butler is not difficult to trace. Aubrey writes : ' That great poet has conde- scended to imitate or copy Cleveland in more instances than occurred to Dr. Grey in his notes upon Hudibras.' Those who fail to recognise the genius of Samuel Butler are naturally blind to the merits of Cleveland, whom Eachard styles ' the first poetic cham- pion of the king.' He loved the anagram of his name, ' Heliconean Dew.' [Baker's Hist. Coll. St. John, Camb. (Mayor), pp. 225, 294, 295 ; Nichols's Sel. Coll. of Misc. Poems, vol. vii.; Clievelandi Vindiciae, 1677; Granger's Biog. Hist. ; Thurloe State Papers, iv. 184, 1742; Eachard, p. 735; David Lloyd's Memoires, 1668, 1677 ; Dr. Thomas Percy on Cleveland in Biog. Brit.ed. Kippis, iii. 628, 1784; Chalmers's Engl. Poets, ix. 468, 1813 ; Walker's \ Sufferings of the Clergy, p. 221 ; Nichols's Hist. Leicestershire, pt. ii. pp. 913-15, 1804, and his Hist, of Hinckley, p. 135, 1783 ; Rev. JohnE. B. Mayor in Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. No. 92, p. 266, October 1857, showing that the verses on sleep were by Thomas Sharp, and that many of John Hall's poems were wrongly attributed to Cleveland ; Reliquiae Hearnianae (Lib. Old Authors ed.), ii. 15, where is a statement of general report that Cleveland was the author of Majestas In- temperata, or The Immortality of the Soul, 1649, j 12mo ; Sir E. Brydges's Restituta, iv. 225, 256 ; j Thomasson's Coll., original broadside of Cleve- land's Petition, October 1657 (King's Pamphlets, folio, 669, f. 20, art. 69); Fuller's Worthies, Leicestershire, pp. 572, 573, ed. 1811 ; J. Cleave- Cleveland 53 Cleveley land Revived, 1666, and other editions ; letters in the Loughborough Advertiser of 18 and '25 April and 2 May 1872, signed W., i.e. William Oeorge Dymock-Fletcher ; Rectors of Lough- borough, p. 20, 1882 ; Mr. Dymock-Fletcher's manuscript parish registers of Loughborough ; private memoranda from Mr. Dymock-Fletcher relating to Burton's Charity records at Lough- borough.] J. W. E. CLEVELAND, EARL OF (1591-1667). [See WENTWORTH, THOMAS.] CLEVELAND, DUKE OF (1766-1842). [See VANE, WILLIAM HENRY..] CLEVELEY, JOHN (1747-1786), ma- rine painter, son of John Cleveley, ship- wright, of Deptford, and Sarah his wife, was born 25 Dec. 1747, being twin-brother of Robert Cleveley [q. v.] ; he was baptised with his brother at St. Paul's, Deptford, on 7 Jan. following. He seems early in life to have held some appointment at Deptford, probably of the same nature as his father's, and while residing there he made acquaint- ance with Paul Sandby, who was then chief drawing master at the royal military academy at Woolwich, from whom he learnt the art of water-colour painting and tinted drawings. The shipping at Deptford afforded to a young artist of his temperament every opportunity for depicting nautical scenes and incidents. We find the name of John Cleveley as an exhibitor first in 1764 at the exhibition of the Free Society of Artists ; this, however, was probably his father, by whom there is a pic- ture of ' The Prince of Wales, East India- man,' dated 1754, in possession of Mr. Philip Peck of Exmouth. In 1767, 1768, 1769, at the same society's exhibitions, we find the names of John Cleveley, and John Cleveley, junior, concurrently. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1770, and up to 1782 his works are always signed ' John Cleveley, junior.' His first exhibited works were views on the Thames, mostly taken at the docks or in the neighbourhood of Dept- ford. In 1772 he was chosen to accompany Sir Joseph Banks, as draughtsman, on his voyage to the Hebrides, Orkneys, and Iceland, and made numerous sketches, which he after- wards worked up into water-colour drawings. Several of these are preserved in the British Museum. In 1774 he was appointed draughts- man to Captain Phipps's expedition to the North Seas, and made the drawings to illus- trate the ' Journal of the Voyage.' Another brother, James Cleveley, was carpenter on board the Resolution under Captain Cook, and made sketches on the spot of the places visited during that expedition. These were afterwards worked up in water-colours by John Cleveley, and published in aquatint by F. Jukes. Some water-colours by him of this description are in the Sheepshanks col- lection at the South Kensington Museum. He particularly excelled in his water-colour paintings, for which he was awarded a pre- mium by the Society of Arts, and which have a freedom of execution and a character not to be found in his oil paintings. Among the latter exhibited at the Royal Academy and the Free Society of Artists were : ' A Storm, the Prince and Princess of Brunswick going over to Holland,' 'His Majesty re- viewing the Fleet at Spithead,' ' Views of Lisbon, the Tagus, and Gibraltar,' ' View of Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight,' and nume- rous paintings of coast scenery at Ports- mouth, Dover, &c., or reminiscences from his own or his brother's travels. Cleveley re- sided some time in Pimlico, but seems to have returned to Deptford before his death. He died 25 June 1786, in London, probably at Deptford. [Redgrave's Diet, of English Artists ; Graves' s Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. v. 176; Add. MSS. Brit. Mus. 15509- 15512; Edwards's Anecdotes of Painters; Seventh Report of the Committee on Works of Art in Devonshire (Devonshire Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, &c., 1886); Catalogues of the Royal Academy, Free Society of Artists, and National Art Gallery, South Kensington ; Registers of St. Paul's, Deptford, per Rev. H. Gr. Gundy, D.D.] L. C. CLEVELEY, ROBERT (1747-1809), marine painter, was twin-brother of John Cleveley [q. v.] Like his brother he painted both in oil and in water colours. It is un- certain whether he was one of the Cleveleys who exhibited at the Free Society of Artists in 1764 and the following years, but in 1780 he appears as an exhibitor at the Royal Aca- demy. At first he is classed among the hono- rary exhibitors, and is sometimes styled ' Ro- bert Cleveley of the Navy.' It does not ap- pear, however, that he ever held any commis- sion in the navy, and he probably had some dockyard appointment similar to those held by his father and brother. He very soon at- tained distinction as a painter of naval ac- tions. Among those represented by him on canvas were ' Commodore Elliott in the Ed- gar leading the British Line under Admiral Kempenfeldt and engaging Monsieur Vau- dreuil in Le Triomphant, 12 Dec. 1781;' ' The Relief of Gibraltar by Lord Howe,' ' Admiral Hawke pursuing the French Fleet in November 1759,' ' The Ruby engaging the Solitaire,' and ' The Solitaire striking to the Ruby 6 Dec. 1782;' 'The Marlborough en- gaging on 1 June 1794 ; ' ' Retreat of the Cleverley 54 Cliderhou French Squadron into Port L'Orient 23 June 1795 ; ' ' Commodore Nelson boarding and taking the San Nicolas and San Josef ; ' ' H.M.S. Victory engaging the Spanish ship Prince of Asturias 14 Feb. 1797 ; ' ' The De- feat of the Spanish Fleet on the Evening of 14 Feb. 1797 ; ' two pictures of ' The Battle of the Nile, 1 Aug. 1798 ; ' ' The Defeat of the Spanish Fleet by Admiral Jervis off Cape St. Vincent, 14 Feb. 1796.' In 1795 he ex- hibited separately in Bond Street two large pictures representing the ' Morn ' and the * Eve of the Great Victory of the BritishFleet under Earl Howe on 1 June 1794;' these two pictures were much admired and were engraved by T. Medland and B. T. Pouncy. A series of great English naval victories from Cleveley's paintings was engraved by J. G. Walker, R. Rhodes, and others. Cleveley also painted numerous views of shipping and coast scenery at home and abroad. He was appointed marine draughtsman to the Duke of Clarence and also marine painter to the Prince of Wales. He was acci- dentally killed by a fall on 28 Sept. 1809, while on a visit to a relative at Dover. There was a good portrait of him in civilian dress painted by Sir William Beechey, which was engraved by Freeman and published after his death. [Redgrave's Diet, of English Artists ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iv. 473 ; Examiner, 3 Oct. 1809 ; Cata- logues of the Royal Academy and the Free So- ciety of Artists ; Registers of St. Paul's, Dept- ford, per Rev. H. G. Cundy, D.D. ; manuscript information (Anderdon), print-room, British Mu- seum.] L. C. CLEVERLEY, SAMUEL (d. 1824), phy- sician, was the son of William Cleverley, a shipbuilder of Gravesend. After some school- ing at Rochester he attended for two years the borough hospitals, whence he removed to Edinburgh and took the degree of M.D. on 24 June 1797 (inaugural essay, 'De Ana- sarca'). With the object of further study- ing his profession he went abroad, and visited Halle, Gottingen, Vienna, and Paris. He was detained a prisoner in France for no less a period than eleven years, being confined successively at Fontainebleau, Verdun, and Valenciennes. At the latter depot he passed the greater part of his detention. On his arrival he found the prisoners in the ut- most need of medical assistance. 'He ac- cordingly proposed to the committee of Ver- dun, an association of the principal British officers and gentlemen in France, charged with the general distribution of charitable succours obtained from England, to give them his gratuitous care, which was gladly ac- cepted, and a dispensary was in consequence established, though not without great diffi- culties from the French military authorities/ Cleverley was allowed to return home in 1814, when he received for his services at Valenciennes the marked thanks of the ma- naging committee of Lloyd's. He eventually settled in London, was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 22 Dec. 1815, and appointed one of the physicians to the London Fever Hospital. He died at his house in Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, on 10 Nov. 1824. [Munk's CoU. of Phys. (1878), iii. 141-2; Authentic Memoirs of the most Eminent Phy- sicians and Surgeons of Great Britain (1828), p. 479.] G. G. CLEVES, ANNE OF. [See ANNE, 1515- 1557.] CLEYN, FRANCIS. [See CLEIN.] CLEYPOLE. [See CIAYPOOLE or CLAY- POLE.] CLIDERHOU, ROBERT DE (d. 1339 ?), justiciar, belonged to a family which had been for one or two generations settled at Clitheroe in Lancashire, and he held the manor of Bayley near that town. In 1302 some land at Aighton was conveyed to him by W. de Mitton, and in 1307 he brought an action against three brothers, Ralph, Wil- liam, and Geoffrey, of Bradenull, who had assaulted him when on the king's service, and had beaten him until they left him for dead. The offenders were ordered to pay him 200/. as compensation. During the reigns of Ed- ward I and Edward II he was one of the clerks of the chancery. When he ceased to hold that office is not stated, but from the abstract of the proceedings at his trial in 1123 (Parl. Writs, i. pt. ii. 240) we learn that he had occupied it for thirty years. In 1311 he acted as one of the itinerant justices for the counties of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and in the following year he was summoned, as one of the clerks of the king's counsel, to a parliament held at Lincoln. Subsequently (in 1316 ?) he was appointed the king's es- cheat or north of the Trent, and seems to have retained that position for about two years. In 1321, at the time of the outbreak of hostilities between Thomas, earl of Lancas- ter, and Edward II, Cliderhou was parson of Wigan, and seems to have been an active supporter of the earl's cause. After Lancas- ter's defeat and execution, the king appointed Sir Robert de Malberthorpe, Sir John de Stonor, Sir Hervey de Staunton, and Robert de Ayleston, as commissioners to make in- quisition respecting those who had been, Cliderhou 55 Cliff guilty of abetting the rebellion (Rolls of Par- liament, ii. 406 ; the matter is curiously mis- understood in Baines's ' Lancashire,' ed. Har- land, ii. 172). Cliderhou was one of those who were accused by the commissioners, and he was brought to Nottingham to take his trial at Michaelmas 1323. The charges against him were that he had preached in the church of Wigan in favour of the rebel cause, telling his parishioners that they owed allegiance to the earl, and promising absolu- tion to all who supported him ; and, further, that he had sent his son, Adam de Cliderhou, and another man-at-arms, with four foot- soldiers, to join the rebel army. Cliderhou is said to have met both charges with a full denial. The jury, however, found him guilty, and he was imprisoned, but afterwards released on bail, the name of his son Adam appearing in the list of sureties. In November of the same year he presented himself for judgment, and agreed to a fine of 2QQL (three hundred marks). He, however, retained his benefice, and in the reign of Edward III (the date is not stated) presented a petition for redress of his grievances. He did not on this occasion deny having furnished military aid to the earl, but pleaded that in this respect he had only done what was required of him by his duty to his feudal superior. With regard to the charge of advocating rebellion in the pulpit, he asserted that he had merely ex- horted the people to pray for a blessing on the earl and the other barons of the kingdom, and for the deliverance of the king from ' poisonous counsel.' He further stated that in order to raise money to pay the penalty imposed upon him he had had to sell his land ; he had paid two hundred marks into the ex- chequer, besides thirty marks to the queen's treasury, and Sir Robert de Leyburn, the sheriff of Lancaster, had levied upon him the remaining hundred marks, but had never paid over the sum into the exchequer. The answer to this petition was that as Cliderhou had voluntarily agreed to the fine (' fit fin de gre ') nothing could be done. In another petition in parliament (also of unknown date) Cliderhou asks that the bur- gesses of Wigan may be restrained from holding unlicensed markets, which competed injuriously with the market on Mondays, from which the parson was authorised by royal charter to receive tolls. It was an- swered that the parson had his remedy at common law. In 1331 he assigned to the monks of Coker- sand his manor of Bayley, where he had built a chapel dedicated to St. John the Baptist. He died in or before 1339, in which year a chantry was founded at Bayley by Henry de Clyderhowe ' for the repose of the soul of Robert, late rector of Wigan.' Foss says that in 1334 he recovered possession of some land at Clitheroe and Dinkley ; but the person to whom this statement refers is another Robert de Cliderhou, who is frequently mentioned in documents belonging to the locality. As Robert was clearly a priest, it is singular that he should have had a son bearing his surname ; possibly, as Foss suggests, Adam de Cliderhou may have been born before his father took orders. [Abbrev. Eot. Orig. i. 129; Placit.Abbrev.300; Parl. Writs, ii. pt. ii. 73, and App. 107, 240, 241, pt. iii. 686 ; Eolls of Parliament, ii. 406; Baines's Hist. Lancashire, ed. Harland, ii. 172; Whita- ker's Hist. Whalley, ii. 471, 473 ; Foss's Lives of the Judges, iii. 246.] H. B. CLIFF, HENRY DE (d. 1334), judge, is first mentioned as accompanying the king abroad in May 1313 ; and on 11 May 1317, as a master in chancery, he had charge of the great seal at the house of the lord chancel- lor, John de Sandale, bishop of Winchester. There is another master in chancery in Ed- ward II's reign of the same name, probably a brother. From 1317 till 1324 he continued to be one of the clerks under whose seal, during the absences of the lords chancellors Sandale, Hotham, bishop of Ely, Salmon, bishop of Norwich, and Baldock, the great seal was constantly secured. On the opening of parliament on 6 Oct. 1320 he was auditor of petitions in England and Wales. On 23 Feb. 1324 he appears as a canon of York and as procurator in parliament at Westmin- ster, both for the dean and chapter of York and for the bishop of St. Asaph. On 4 July 1325 he was appointed master of the rolls, and after the abdication of Edward II in 1326 he was, on 17 Dec., directed to add his seal to that of the Bishop of Norwich to secure the great seal. Until the appointment of Bishop Hot- ham of Ely as lord chancellor on the accession of Edward III, the Bishop of Norwich and Cliff discharged the chancellor's duties. For some dispute with Thomas de Cherleton, bishop of Hereford, in connection with the presentation to the prebend of Blebury in Salisbury Cathedral he incurred the penalty of excommunication, in regard to which, within a month of his accession, and again | in the following March, Edward III per- sonally wrote letters on his behalf. The great seal continued to be often entrusted to him. From the resignation of John de Hotham to the appointment of Henry de Burghersh, bishop of Lincoln (1 March to 12 May 1328), he held it along with Willi am de Herlaston, and during absences of Burg- Clifford Clifford hersh it was in his custody again in 1328 (1-30 July and 17-26 Aug.), and in 1329 (31 May-11 June). He was similarly en- trusted with it under the next chancellor, John de Stratford, bishop of Winchester, in April and November 1331, and April and December 1332. In 1329 he was a com- missioner with the Bishop of Hereford and another to open the adjourned session of parliament. He died in January 1334, and on the 20th was succeeded by Michael de Wath. [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Bymer's Fcedera, ed. 1818, ii. 212, 415, 646, 732, 752,756; Parl. Writs, ii. pt. i. pp. 714, 732; Pat. Kolls, 20 Ed. II, m. 5, 6 Ed. Ill, m. 9 ; Eot. Claus. 10 Ed. II, m. 8, 8 Ed. Ill, m. 35-1 J. A. H. CLIFFORD, ANNE, COUNTESS OF DOR- SET, PEMBROKE, and MONTGOMERY (1590- 1676), was the only surviving child of George, third earl of Cumberland [q. v.], by his wife, Lady Margaret Russell [see CLIFFORD, MAR- GARET], third daughter of Francis, second earl of Bedford. She was born at Skipton Castle on 30 Jan. 1590. The poet Daniel was her tutor, and the verses written by him and addressed to her when in her youth will be found in the collected editions of Daniel's poems, 1599, 1601-2, 1623. On 25 Feb. 1609 she was married in her 'mother's house and her own chamber in Augustine Fryers, in London,' to Richard Sackville, lord Buckhurst, afterwards second earl of Dorset (Sari. MS. 6177, p. 124). By him she had three sons, all of whom died young, and two daughters, viz. Margaret, who married John, lord Tufton, afterwards second earl of Thanet, and Isabel, who became the wife of James Compton, third earl of Northampton. Her first husband died on 28 March 1624, and shortly afterwards she had a severe attack of small-pox, 'which disease did so martyr my face, that it confirmed more and more my mind never to marry again, tho' ye providence of God caused me after to alter that resolution.' On 3 June 1630 she was married to her second husband, Philip Herbert, fourth earl of Pembroke and Mont- gomery, at Chenies in Buckinghamshire (ib. p. 129). There was no issue of this mar- riage, and her husband died on 23 Jan. 1650. Neither of these marriages appears to have turned out very happily; for she relates that ' in both their lifetimes the marble pillars of Knowle in Kent and Wilton in Wiltshire were to me often times but the gay arbour of anguish, insomuch as a wise man that knew the insides of my fortune would often say that I lived in both these my lords' great familys, as the river of Roan or Rodanus runs through the Lake of Geneva without mingling any part of its streams with that lake ; for I gave myself wholly to retiredness as much as I could in both those great families, and made good books and virtuous thoughts my companions ' (ib. p. 123). After the death of her father in 1605 continual lawsuits were waged by her mother on her behalf, and, after her mother's death, by herself with her uncle Francis and cousin, with regard to the family estates. On 17 Feb. 1628 a writ was issued to her cousin, Henry Clifford, calling him up to the House of Lords, in the barony of Clifford, under the erroneous supposition that the ancient barony of that name was vested in his father. Though she claimed the barony in right of her father, no further proceedings seem to have been taken in the matter. On the death of Henry Clifford, fifth and last earl of Cumberland [q. v.], on 11 Dec. 1643, with- out male issue, the large family estates in the north reverted to her under the proA r isions of her father's will. Her passion for bricks and mortar was immense. She restored or rebuilt the castles of Skipton, Appleby, Brougham, Brough, Pendragon, and Bardon Tower, the churches of Appleby, Skipton, and Bongate, the chapels of Brougham, Ninekirks, Mal- lerstang, and Barden. She founded the alms- houses at Appleby, and restored the one which had been built and endowed by her mother at Bethmesley. She also erected the monu- ment to Spenser in Westminster Abbey, and that in Beckington Church in Somersetshire to her old tutor Daniel, while she raised a pillar on the road between Penrith and Ap- pleby to mark the spot where she last parted from her mother. It was her custom to reside at fixed times at each one of her six castles, where she freely dispensed her charity and hospitality. But though generous to her friends and dependents, she was frugal in her personal expenses, dressing, after her second widowhood, in black serge, living abstemi- ously, and pleasantly boasting that ' she had never tasted wine and physic.' She was pos- sessed of a very strong will, and was tenacious of her rights to the smallest point. Devoted to the church, she assisted many of the ejected clergy with her bounty. Having been care- fully educated in her childhood, she was so well versed in different kinds of learning that Dr. Donne is reported to have said of her that ' she knew well how to discourse of all things, from predestination to slea-silk' (Fu- neral Sermon preached by Edward Rainbow, bishop of Carlisle, 1677, p. 38). This re- markable woman is, however, best known in the present day for the spirited answer which she is supposed to have given to Sir Joseph Williamson, who, when secretary of state to Charles II, had written to her, naming a can- Clifford 57 Clifford didate for her pocket borough of Appleby. To this she replied : ' I have been bullied by an usurper, I have been neglected by a court, but I will not be dictated to by a subject ; jour man shan't stand. Anne Dorset, Pem- broke and Montgomery.' This letter was first published in the ' World' for 5 April 1753, to which it was contributed by Horace Wai- pole. The reasons for doubting its genuine- ness are very strong : (1) No reference to the original was given at the time of its first publication, which occurred some seventy- seven years after the death of the countess, nor has any trace of it been since discovered ; (2) the style is neither that of her own letters, which have been preserved, nor that of the time in which it was supposed to have been written; (3) Sir Joseph Williamson did not become secretary of state until 1 1 Sept. 1674, and during the period of time from the date of his appointment to the death of the countess there does not appear to have been any vacancy in the representation of Appleby (Parl. Papers, 1878, vol. Ixii. pt. i. p. 530). She died at Brougham Castle on 22 March 1676, in the eighty-seventh year of her age, and was buried in the vault which she had built for that purpose in Appleby Church on 14 April following. The celebrated picture of the Clifford family at Appleby Castle (the long inscriptions for which were drawn up by the countess with the assistance, it is said, of Sir Matthew Hale) contains two representations of her at different periods of her life. The National Portrait Gallery possesses a portrait of the countess by an unknown painter, and an engraving of her portrait by My tens, which was exhibited in the loan collection of por- traits in 1866 (No. 512), will be found in Lodge, iv. 24. The autobiography which she compiled in the sixty-third year of her life was formerly preserved at Skipton Castle, but is no longer there. It was among the list of suggested publications of the Camden Society, but the council could only procure the abridged manuscript, which was afterwards published by Mr. Hailstone in the ' Proceedings of the Archaeological Institute at York' (1846). This account of her life is written in the third person, and was taken from a small quarto volume containing an abstract of the great volumes of records which were ' col- lected by the care and painfull industry of that excellent lady Margaret Russell, Coun- tess Dowager of Cumberland, out of the various offices and courts of this kingdome, to prove the right title which her only childe, the Lady Ann Clifford, now Countesse of Pembroke, had to the inheritance of her an- cestors.' In the British Museum is a manuscript entitled ' A Summary of the Lives of the Veteriponts, Cliffords, and Earls of Cumber- land, and of the Lady Anne, Countess Dow- " ager of Pembroke and Dorset, and Heir to George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, on whom ye name of the said Cliffords deter- mined ! ' (Harl. MS. 6177). It is stated on the title-page that it was ' Copied from ye original Manuscript ye 29th of December 1737 by Henry Fisher,' but no mention is made of the original from which it is taken. This manuscript contains ' A Summary of the Records and a True Memorial of me the Life of the Lady Anne Clifford,' &c. pp. 119-206. It is written in the first person, and contains a much fuller account of her life than the one edited by Mr. Hailstone. Among the Hale MSS. in the Lincoln's Inn Library is a small folio (No. 104) relating to the pedigree of the countess and her title to the baronies of Clifford, Westmoreland, and Vesey. There seems to be another manuscript of a similar character to the last among the Williamson MSS. in the library of Queen's College, Oxford (CoxE, Cat. Cod. MSS. pt. i.) [Hartley Coleridge's Lives of Northern Worthies (1852), ii. 1-84; Lodge's Portraits (1854), iv. 24-7; Costello's Memoirs of Emi- nent English Women (1844), ii. 228-304; Pen- nant's Tour in Scotland (1790), iii. 355-62; Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors (Park), iii. 165-74 ; The World, i. 86 ; Biog. Brit. (Kip- pis), iii. 639-42 ; Whitaker's History of Craven (1878), iii. 355-62; Notes and Queries, 1st series, i. 28, 119, 154, ii.4, vii. 154, 245, xii. 2, 2nd series, i. 114, 3rd series, iii. 329, ix. 238, 306, 4th series, viii. 418.] G. F. E. B. CLIFFORD, ARTHUR (1778-1830), antiquary, born in 1778, was the sixth of the eight sons of the Hon. Thomas Clifford (fourth son of Hugh, third lord Clifford of Chud- leigh) of Tixall, Staffordshire, by the Hon. Barbara Aston, younger daughter and co- heiress of James, fifth lord Aston. After re- ceiving some preliminary education, he spent some months in 1795 at Stony hurst. His first publication was ' The State Papers and Let- ters of Sir Ralph Sadler, edited by Arthur Clifford, Esq. ; to which is added a Memoir of the Life of Sir R. Sadler, with Historical Notes by Walter Scott, Esq.,' Edinburgh (Constable), 1809, 2 vols. 4to (a few copies were printed on large paper in 3 vols. 4to). This collection consists of four sets of letters relating almost entirely to Scotch affairs. A much less complete collection of Sadler's ' State Papers ' had been previously pub- lished in 1720. The documents in Clifford's edition were printed by him from a copy of the original manuscripts preserved atTixal], Clifford Clifford the seat of his eldest brother, Thomas Hugh Clifford, to whom they had descended through the family of Lord Aston, into which Sir Ralph Sadler's granddaughter had married. Sir Walter Scott superintended the printing of the book, besides contributing the notes and a memoir of Sadler extending to thirty pages (republished in Scott's ' Miscellaneous Prose Works,' iv. 834). After publishing the Sadler Papers, Clifford made a diligent search at Tixall for the papers of Sir Walter (after- wards Lord) Aston [q.v.], ambassador in Spain under James I and Charles I. The Aston family had formerly resided at Tixall, and James, fifth lord Aston, was Clifford's grand- father. The Sadler MSS. had been originally found at Tixall 'in an old oaken box covered with variegated gilt leather, and ornamented with brass nails. Clifford's father had at one time made a bonfire of various old trunks and papers that had been accumulating in the house for two centuries, but the gilt leather box was rescued by the ladies of the family. Clifford now found that it contained all the state papers and letters of Sir Walter Aston carefully tied up in small bundles, and in his researches at Tixall he also discovered a number of letters and papers relating to the Aston family, some manuscript volumes of poetry, and an additional packet of letters belonging to Sir R. Sadler. The 'Gentle- man's Magazine' for March 1811 announced that the State Papers and Letters of Sir W. Aston were then being printed uniform with the Sadler Papers. This work, however, never appeared, though in 1815 Clifford published ' Tixall Letters, or the Correspondence of the Aston Family and their Friends during the Seventeenth Century ; with Notes and Illus- trations,' 2 vols. London, 1815. 12mo. He had already published in 1813 the manu- script volumes of poetry found at Tixall, under the title of ' Tixall Poetry . . . with Notes and Illustrations,' Edinburgh, 1813, 4to. Sections i. and iv. of this book are headed : 1. ' Poems collected by the Hon. Her- bert Aston,' 1658. 2. ' Poems by the Hon. Mrs. Henry Thimelby.' 3. ' Poems collected by Lady Aston.' Some 'of the poems are ori- ginal, others are transcribed by the Astons from the works of different English writers. Clifford adds some verses of his own, in- cluding a ' Midnight Meditation among the Ruins of Tixall ' (also published separately 1813 ? 4to). In 1817 he was staying at Paris with his eldest brother, and while in that city published ' Collectanea Cliffordiana,' in three parts, containing notices of the Clifford family and an historical tragedy on the battle of Tow- ton ; and ' A Topographical and Historical Description of the parish of Tixall in the county of Stafford. By Sir Thomas [Hugh] Clifford, Bart., and Arthur Clifford, Esq., Paris, 1817, 4to. In his later years Clifford published some treatises on teaching: 1. ' A Letter to ... the Earl of Shrewsbury on a new Method of teaching and learning Languages,' &c., 2 pts. 1827, 8vo. 2. ' An Introduction to the Latin Language in three parts,' Oxford (1828 ?),. 8vo. 3. ' Instructions to Parents and Teachers respecting the use of the elementary Books for the Latin Language,' &c., Oxford, 1829, 12mo. He died at Winchester on 16 Jan. 1830, aged 52. He married on 15 Junel809- Eliza Matilda, second daughter of Donald Macdonald of Berwick-upon-Tweed. His wife died in August 1827. There seems to have been no issue of the marriage. [Clifford's Works; Gent. Mag. 1830, vol. c. pt. i. p. 92, and Memoir, ib. 274, also given in Annual Kegister (1830), Ixxii. 247 ; Lockhart's Life of Scott (one vol. ed. 1845), pp. 159, 182, 183 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] W. W. CLIFFORD, SIR AUGUSTUS WIL- LIAM JAMES (1788-1877), usher of the black rod, was born 26 May 1788, and edu- cated at Harrow. He entered the navy as a midshipman in May 1800, and was promoted to a lieutenancy in 1806. He served at the reduction of Ste.Lucie and Tobago in 1803, and throughout the operations in Egypt during 1807 ; was at the capture of a convoy in the Bay of Rosas in 1809 (for which he received a medal), and in the operations on the coast of Italy 1811-12. After this, as captain, he was for many years actively employed in naval duties, being several times mentioned in the 'Gazette' for his courage in cutting-out ex- peditions and on other occasions. For some time he was engaged in attendance on the lord high admiral, the Duke of Clarence, after- wards William IV, and in 1828 he took out Lord William Bentinck as governor-general to India. This was his last service afloat, and he was not actively employed after 1831. He obtained the rank of rear-admiral 1848, vice-admiral 1855, retired admiral 7 Nov. 1860, and admiral of the red 1864. He sat in parliament for Bandon Bridge 1818-20 ; for Dungarvan, 1820-2 ; and again for Ban- don Bridge from 23 July 1831 to 3 Dec. 1832. He was nominated a C. B. 8Dec.l815, knighted by William IV at St. James's Palace 4 Aug. 1830, and created a baronet 4 Aug. 1838. The Duke of Devonshire, then lord chamber- lain, appointed him on 25 July 1832 gentle- man usher of the black rod, which office he held, much to his satisfaction, until his death. On various occasions between 1843 and 1866 he acted as deputy lord great chamberlain of Clifford 59 Clifford England, in the absence of Lord Willoughby d'Eresby. He died at his residence in the House of Lords 8 Feb. 1877. He married, 20 Oct. 1813, Lady Elizabeth Frances Town- shend, sister of John, fourth marquis of Town- shend. She was born 2 Aug. 1789, and died at Nice 10 April 1862. Captain William John Cavendish, R.N., succeeded his father as second baronet. Clifford was a patron of the arts, and formed a unique collection of paintings, sculpture, etchings, engravings, and bijouterie. [O'Byrne's Naval Biog. (1861 edit.), p. 211; Times, 9 Feb. 1877, p. 5, 12 Feb. p. 8 ; Graphic, 24 Feb. 1877, pp. 172, 179, with portrait; Il- lustrated London News, 17 Feb. 1877, p. 167. 24 Feb. pp. 1 7 1 , 1 8 1 , with portrait.] G. C. B. CLIFFORD, SIB CONYERS (d. 1599), military commander, was the eldest son of George Clifford, esq., of Bobbing Court in Kent, by his wife Ursula, daughter of Roger Finch. He served in the army sent under the Earl of Essex to the siege of Rouen in 1591, being then a captain (SiRT.CoNTNGSBY, Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, 38, 39, 64). He and John Wotton especially distinguished themselves in rescuing from the enemy the dead body of the earl's brother, Walter Devereux, who had fallen into an ambuscade during a demonstration before Rouen (W. B. DEVEREUX, Lives of the Deve- reux, Earls of Essex, i. 231). In the same year Clifford was knighted. He represented the borough of Pembroke in the parliament which met 19 Feb. 1592-3. At the bache- lors' commencement in 1594-5 the university of Cambridge conferred upon him the degree of M.A. (COOPER, Annals of Cambridge, ii. 529). On the news being received of the siege of Calais by the Spaniards, the Earl of Essex pushed to Dover, whence he wrote to Sir Anthony Shirley (3 April 1596) that he had sent Clifford to see whether he could ascer- tain the state of the town. Later in the same year Clifford accompanied the famous expedition against Cadiz, in the capacity of serjeant-major of the troops. He was one of the officers who formed the council. The de- clared value of his share of the plunder was By letters patent dated 4 Sept. 1597 he was appointed president of the province of Connaught in Ireland, with a fee of 100/., and the command and conduct of forty horsemen and a band of footmen. For some months previously he had acted as chief commissioner of that province, and constable of the castle of Athlone. The Earl of Essex, having re- ceived a supply of a thousand men from Eng- land, prepared to march northward, and, in order to divide the forces of Tyrone, he di- rected Clifford to penetrate from Connaught into Ulster to create a diversion. Clifford's force consisted of fifteen hundred foot and a hundred horse. On coming to the Curlew mountains, the baggage and ammunition were halted under the protection of the horse, while the infantry attempted the passage. The rebels under O'Rourke attacked them vigorously, but were checked, and the men, having nearly consumed their ammunition, were seized with a panic and took to flight. Clifford and Sir Andrew Ratcliffe with 120 men were slain on the field. This was in 1599, about the month of August. Clifford married Mary, daughter of Francis Southwell, esq., of Wymondham Hall, Nor- folk, and widow successively of Thomas Sydney, esq., and Nicholas Gorge, esq. By her he had issue two sons, Henry and Conyers, and a daughter, Frances, who died young. His wife survived him, and married a fourth husband, Sir Anthony St. Leger, knight. She died on 19 Dec. 1603, aged thirty-seven. Clifford is author of ' A brief Declaration relating to the Province of Connaught, how it stood in 1597.' Lambeth MS. 632, f. 22. [Birch's Elizabeth, i. 457, 468, ii. 16, 19, 21, 53, 426 ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 278, 551 ; Cox's Hibernia Anglicana, i. 412, 421 ; The De- vereux, Earls of Essex, i. 231, 335, 358, 360, 361, 365, 377, ii. 53, 56, 57; Lascelles's Liber Mune- rum Publicorum Hiberniae, pt. ii. 189; Mason's Hist, of St. Patrick's, Dublin, Append, p. lii ; Morgan's Sphere of Gentry, lib. iii. 88 ; Moryson's Itinerary, pt. ii. 17, 21, 22, 37; Willis's Not. Parl. iii. (2) 136; Winwood's Memorials, i. 91.] T. C. CLIFFORD, GEORGE, third EARL OF CUMBERLAND (1558-1 605),naval commander, eldest son of Henry, second earl of Cumber- land [q. v.], by his second wife Anne, daugh- ter of William, third lord Dacre, was born at Brougham Castle in Westmoreland on 8 Aug. 1558, and succeeded to the earldom on 8 Jan. 1569-70 on the death of his father, when he became the ward of Francis Russell, second earl of Bedford, and made his home during his minority at Chenies or Woburn. In 1571 he was entered as a nobleman at Trinity College, Cambridge, was in residence there till July 1574, and took his degree of M.A. on 30 Nov. 1576. He is said to have also studied for some time at Oxford, and to have applied himself more especially to mathematics and geography. On 24 June 1577 he married Mar- garet, daughter of his guardian [see CLIF- FORD, MARGARET]. The marriage had been arranged in their infancy by their respective fathers, and did not prove a happy one. Cum- Clifford Clifford berland was a man of irregular life, and, having run through a great part of his very handsome property, seized on the opportunity offered by the war with Spain to re-establish himself. In 1586 he fitted out a little fleet of three ships and a pinnace, which, under the com- mand of Captain Robert Widrington, sailed from Plymouth in August, and returned in September 1587, after a cruise which had ex- tended beyond the mouth of the river Plate, but without much success to repay the cost of the expedition. In 1588 he commanded the Elizabeth Bonaventure, a queen's ship of 600 tons, against the Spanish Armada, and after the decisive action off Gravelines (29 July) carried the news of the victory to the camp at Tilbury. The reports of his gal- lantry so pleased the queen, that she lent him the Golden Lion, a ship of 500 tons, with which to undertake another expedition to the South Sea. The rest of the ships, as well as the equipment of the Golden Lion, were pro- vided at his own expense, and he put to sea in October, but only to be driven back by bad weather. The next year the queen lent him the Victory, in which, and with six other ships all equipped at his own expense, he put to sea from Plymouth on 1 8 June. With him sailed Edward Wright [q. v.], the mathema- tician and hydrographer, who wrote an ac- count of the voyage, and Captain William Monson [q. v.] was his vice-admiral. On 29 June they happily fell in with Sir Francis Drake's squadron returning from Cadiz in ex- treme want of provisions, which they relieved, and proceeded on their way. In the Chan- nel they captured three French ships of the league ; on the coast of Portugal a number of ships laden with spice ; at St. Michael's andFlores they made some further captures: and at Fayal cut seven ships out from under the guns of the castle, getting ' an unex- pected victory, rather by valour than reason.' Afterwards they fell in with and captured one of the Spanish West India fleet, richly laden, to the value, it was estimated, of 100,000/. At Graciosa and St. Mary's they made other rich prizes, though at this last- named place, rashly landing under the very guns of the fort, they suffered severely ; ' two- parts of the men were slain and hurt,' and Cumberland himself sorely wounded. With more prizes and prisoners than they could well manage, they turned homewards. The rich West Indiaman, sent on ahead, was wrecked in Mount's Bay and utterly lost, with all hands. The other ships ran short of water, and were put to direful extremity, their men being at last reduced to an allowance of three spoonfuls of vinegar a day, while some, 'going to the great ocean for relief, drank themselves to death with salt water.' In all this time, we are told, ' the earl maintained his own equal temper and good presence of mind, avoiding no part of distress that others, even the meanest seaman, endured.' In the end they met an English ship, from which they obtained such relief as enabled them to reach Ireland, and so arrived at Falmouth in the last days of the year. In 1591 Cumberland again fitted out an expedition, consisting of the queen's ship Gar- land and seven others ; he was again accom- panied by Captain Monson, and sailing from England in May, he came on the coast of Portugal, where he made several valuable prizes, which were shortly afterwards, by different misadventures, recaptured, Monson being at the time in command of one, and so made prisoner. Having lost his captain and responsible adviser, and found the Gar- land, a new ship, to be extremely crank and uncomfortable, the earl returned to England, sending, as he left the coast of Spain, a pin- nace to Lord Thomas Howard [q. v.], then waiting at the Azores for the Plate fleet, to warn him of a powerful armament that was on the point of sailing to attack him. In 1592 the earl was at the cost of another ex- pedition of five ships, which he sent out under the command of Captain Norton. Near the Azores, Norton fell in with the ships under the command of Sir John Burgh [q. v.], and was in company with them when the great car- rack was captured on 3 Aug. Their claim, however, to any share in the rich prize was angrily contested, and was legally decided against Cumberland, to whom, as special com- pensation, the queen allotted a sum of 36,000/. It was solely in consideration of his money venture ; for he himself had spent the autumn at court, and on 27 Sept., being in attendance on the queen at Oxford, received the degree of M.A. He was also during this year made a knight of the Garter. The sixth expe- dition, which Cumberland sent to sea in 1593, consisted of nine ships, of which he took command himself, having his trusted friend Monson again with him, and returned to his former cruising ground among the Azores. He was shortly afterwards seized with a violent sickness, and Monson, fearing for his life, determined to carry him back to Eng- land, sending on the other ships to the West Indies. His name is associated with the squadron which, in the following year, fought and burnt the great carrack Cinco Llagas of 2,000 tons, and said to be by far richer than ! the Madre de Dios captured by Sir John I Burgh, and fought also a severe but unguc- cessful action with her consort, a ship of 1,500 tons; but his share in these exploits Clifford 61 Clifford was only that of promoter and litter out ; and so also in the expedition of 1595, for which he had built a large and powerful ship, then called Malice Scourge, but afterwards cele- brated in the history of East Indian naviga- tion under the name of Dragon. In 1596 he had intended to take the command himself, but the Malice Scourge being dismasted and forced to put back, he contented himself with sending the smaller ships, which he had equipped,for a cruise on the coast of Portugal. In January 1597-8 he undertook the most considerable of all his expeditions, fitting out no fewer than twenty ships, almost entirely at his own cost, and himself takingthe command in the Malice Scourge. They sailed from Ply- mouth on 6 March, passed by the Canaries, plundering as they went, rested for a few weeks at Dominica, and then fell in their full force on Porto Rico on 6 June, and made themselves masters of San Juan, which they proposed to clear of Spaniards, and establish as an English settlement. But violent sick- ness broke out among the troops ; and the earl having gone with some of his ships to Flores to lie in wait for the treasure fleet, Sir John Berkeley, to whom he had left the command at Porto Rico, decided to abandon the place and return. Berkeley joined the ead at Flores, and the united fleet returned to England in October. Considered as a pri- vateering expedition on a large scale, it was certainly a failure, for no care had been taken to keep its sailing secret, and the Spaniards or Portuguese, warned of its approach, re- mained in their harbours ; nor did the plunder of San Juan de Puerto Rico at all compensate for the loss of the galleons which might other- wise have fallen into their hands. The same want of fortune or of management had at- tended all Cumberland's expeditions, and it was doubted whether they had not proved more of a loss than a gain to his estate. It is certain that, having at his majority inherited a large property, he was nearly 1,000/. in debt at his death, which took place in London on 30 Oct. 1605. He has often been spoken of as a sort of nautical Quixote, a title curiously unsuitable to the courtier, gambler, and buccaneer, in all of which guises history presents him. His love of adventure was strong, and he staked his money on the success of his cruisers in much the same spirit that he did on the speed of his horses or the turn of his dice And he spared his body no more than his purse. His courage was unimpeachable, anc the temper which he showed in times of diffi- culty won him both credit and popularity At court he was in high favour with the queen, whose glove, set in diamonds, he wore as a plume in his hat. He is described as a man of great personal beauty, strong and ac- tive, accomplished in all knightly exercises, splendid in his dress, and of romantic valour. 3n the other hand, he was a gambler and a spendthrift, a faithless husband, and for seve- ral years before his death was separated from lis wife. His portrait, by an unknown artist, dated 1588, is in the National Portrait Gal- ery. As this portrait shows the glove in the lat, the received story that it was given him iy the queen on his return from one of his voyages is manifestly inaccurate in its minor details. An engraved portrait (by William Rogers) is in the library of the Society of Antiquaries (LEMON'S Cat. p. 33). The body was embalmed and buried in the family vault at Skipton in Craven, where a black marble altar tomb to his memory was rected by his sole surviving daughter Anne r :ountess of Pembroke [see CLIFFORD, ANNE]. In 1803 Dr. Whitaker obtained permission to xamine the body, which he found quite per- fect, so much so that the face could be seen to resemble the portraits ; only, he says, ' all the painters had the complaisance to omit three large warts upon the left cheek.' [Lediard's Naval History ; Monson's Naval Tracts, book i. ; Cooper's Athenae Cantab, ii. 413; Whitaker's Hist, of Craven (3rd ed. by Morant), 338-57, where there is a detailed ac- count of the curious genealogical pictures pre- served in Appleby Castle ; Catalogue of the Na- tional Portrait Gallery.] J. K. L. CLIFFORD, HENRY DE CLIFFORD, fourteenth LORD CLIFFORD, tenth BARON OF WESTMORELAND, first LORD VESCI (1455 ?- 1523), was the eldest son of John de Clifford [q. v.j, baron of Westmoreland, by his wife Margaret (1462-1493), daughter and heiress of Sir John Bromflet, baron Vesci (d. 16 Jan. 1468). His father having been attainted and his estates forfeited when Henry de Clifford was seven years old, he was, according to Dug- dale, brought up as a shepherd at his mother's estate of Londesborough in Yorkshire, whence by the help of Sir Lancelot Threlkeld he was conveyed to a Cumberland farm on the Scot- tish borders, while his hereditary manors were enjoyed by the partisans of Edward IV Skipton going to Sir William Stanley, and the barony of Westmoreland to Richard, duke of Gloucester (DUGDALE, i. 343; WHITAKER, History of Craven, 320-7). On the accession of Henry VII his attainder was reversed and his estates restored by act of parliament (9 Nov. 1485). His age was then about thirty ; but he had been brought up so meanly that it is said he could not read at the time. His name does not appear in Hall's list of Henry VII's Clifford Clifford chief counsellors, though he was a Yorkshire commissioner of array against the Scots and receiver of crown lands on 25 and 30 Sept. 1485, when he had received knighthood. He was employed to receive the rebels to allegi- ance (18 May 1486), having a little before this date (2 May) been appointed steward of Mid- dleton. In February 1491 he laid claim to the Durham manors of Hert and Hertlepool. His descendant, the Countess of Pembroke, speaks of him as ' a plain man, who lived for the most part a country life, and came seldom to court or London, except when called to parliament,' to which, according to Nicolas, he received summons from 15 Sept. 1485 to 16 Jan. 1497. He was, however, at London on 30 Oct. 1494, when Prince Henry, afterwards Henry VIII, was made a knight of the Bath. He aided the Earl of Surrey at the relief of Norham Castle in 13 Henry VII, and fought with the central vanguard against the Earls of Craw- ford and Murray at the battle of Flodden, whence he seems to have carried off three pieces of James IV's famous ordnance, ' the seven sisters,' to grace his castle at Skipton, where they were still to be seen in 1572. He was frequently commissioner of array for the three Yorkshire ridings, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, of which last county he was hereditary sheriff. In 1522 he lent Henry VIII a thousand marks for that king's French ex- pedition almost the largest sum on the list. On 8 Sept. 1522 his son, Henry de Clifford (1493-1542) [q. v.], had to lead the Clifford force against the Scots, as his father was sick. Next year he died, 23 April 1523, leaving orders for his burial at Shap in Westmoreland or Bolton in Craven (WHITAKER, pp. 322-7, 405; Letters of Richard III and Henry VII, 99, 389 ; DTJGDALB, i. 344 ; Calendar of State Papers, ed. Brewer, vols. i. &c. ; Mat. for History of Henry VII, pp. 63, 117, 224, 420 ; HALL, pp. 424, 481). Clifford seems to have been a man of stu- dious habits, and, according to Whitaker, was specially devoted to astronomy and astrology. Whitaker mentions an Old-French ' Treatise on Natural Philosophy ' given by him to Bol- ton Priory, on the dissolution of which esta- blishment it reverted to the family. He seems to have resided chiefly in a half retirement at Barden, where he is said to have constructed a tower, and where, with the aid of the neigh- bouring canons of Bolton, he amused himself by studying the heavenly bodies (WHITAKER, 334). This feature in his life, and the romantic story of his early years, form the basis of one of Wordsworth's poems, ' Song at the Feast of Brougham Castle,' and of what is perhaps the finest passage in the ' White Doe of Ryl- stone.' Clifford married, first, Anne, daughter of Sir John St. John of Bletsho, Bedfordshire, knt., cousin-german to Henry VII, by whom he had three sons Henry [q. v.], first earl of Cumberland, Sir Thomas Clifford (married to Lucy, daughter of Sir Anthony Brown), who figures in the ' State Papers ' of Henry VTIFs reign, and Edward and four daughters. Clif- ford's second wife was Florence, daughter of Henry Pudsey of Barfoot, Yorkshire, by whom he had two or three sons, who died young, and a daughter. [For general authorities on the family see CLIF- FOED, ROBERT DE ; see also Letters of Richard TTT and Henry VII, ed. Gairdner (Rolls Series) ; Materials for the History of Henry VII, ed. Camp- bell (Rolls Series) ; Calendar of State Papers, ed. Brewer, vols. i. andii. ; Hall's Chronicle, ed. Ellis, 1809-10.] T. A. A. CLIFFORD, HENRY DE CLIFFORD, fifteenth LORD CLIFFORD, first EARL OF CUM- BERLAND, eleventh BARON OF WESTMORE- LAND, and second BARON VESCI (1493-1542), was the eldest son of Henry de Clifford, tenth Baron of Westmoreland [q. v.], by his first wife, Anne, daughter of Sir John St. John of Bletsho (DTTGDALE, 344; WHITAKER, 327). He is said to have been brought up with Henry VIII. He seems at one time to have been on bad terms with his father ; and a letter is still preserved written by the old lord to one of the privy councillors, complain- ing of the ' ungodly and ungudely disposi- tion of my sonne Henrie Clifforde, in such wise as yt was abominable to heare yt.' The father proceeds to accuse his son of open robbery and violence, ' in such wyse as some whol townes are fayne to kepe the churches both nighte and daye, and dare not come att ther own housys,' as well as of apparelling him- self and his horse in cloth of gold and gold- smith's work, ' more lyk a duke than a pore baron's sonne as hee is ' (WHITAKER, 327-8). In his father's lifetime he appears as Sir Harry Clifford. He was one of the gentle- men of Yorkshire originally chosen to be present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold ; but his name, for some reason or other, is struck out of the list. In 1522 he was sheriff of Yorkshire. From 1522 to 1526 he was actively engaged in border warfare. In the latter year (October 1525, according to Doyle) he seems to have been appointed lord warden of the marches, an office which he held for fully two years. He was succeeded by William, lord Dacre (before 26 June 1528), with whom he had a long contention about the castle of Carlisle. Both nobles were summoned before the council of the north on 16 Oct. 1528, after the Earl of Northumberland had vainly striven Clifford Clifford to make a final award (26 Feb. and 2 April) (State Doc. iii. 241, Nos. 2667, 2995, iv. 4419-21, &c.) In 1533 he had a similar -dispute with the young Duke of Richmond, relative to his right to hold a sheriff's tourn in Kendal. In May and June 1534 he was en- gaged in the inquiry into Lord Caere's treason, and on 27 Oct. is again found ruling the borders in quiet (cf. DUGDALE, i. 344). A year later he had charge of the privy seal (3 April 1335), ' because none of the king's council would receive it.' Three weeks after this he was one of the Middlesex commis- sioners, ' oyer et terminer,' for the trial of the prior of the Charterhouse, Bishop Fisher of Rochester, and Sir Thomas More (dated 1 and 26 June) (ib. vols. v. vii. viii.) In the summer of 1525 Henry VIII made his illegitimate son Henry Blount Duke of Richmond and Somerset. On this occasion Clifford was created Earl of Cumberland (18 June), when Anne Boleyn's father was made Viscount Rochford (HALL, 703 ; Cal. of State Doc. iv. pt. iii. 1431). Seven years later he was made a knight of the Garter (DuG- DALE, 344). He was also governor of the town and castle of Carlisle and president of the coun- cil of the north (ib.) In the political and religious troubles of the age he seems to have adhered to the king. Thus he is found signing the July letter of 1530, begging Clement VII to sanction the Mng's divorce (Cal. of State Doc. iv. No. 6513). In 1534 he was sent to search Bishop Tun- stall's house at Auckland for a copy of that prelate's treatise, ' De Differentia Regiae et Ecclesiasticse Potestatis' (ib. v. 986). At the time of Aske's rebellion his was one of the three great families of the north that re- mained faithful to the crown, though Robert Aske was a distant relative of his own. The earl had hard work to hold his castle of Skipton (October 1536), weakened as it was by whole- sale desertion, against the rebels' siege : and Mr. Froude tells the romantic story that his eldest son's wife, Lady Eleanor Clifford, and her infant children were rescued from the extremest danger at Bolton Abbey, and car- ried safely into Skipton Castle through the very heart of the besieging host, by the chival- rous courage of Robert Aske's brother Chris- topher (FROUDE, ii. 552-4, 562 ; cf. WHITA- KER, 335). In reward for his devotion the earl received several manors that had belonged to the dissolved monasteries, notably the site of Bolton Abbey (DUGDALE, i. 344), together with the Skipton possessions of this founda- tion. His second marriage brought him the whole Percy fee in the same district, and thus made the Clifford family lords of almost all Craven (WHITAKER, 335). He died on 22 April 1542 (1543?), and was buried at Appleby or Skipton (ib. 336 ; cf. DUGDALE, i. 340). He married, first, Margaret, daugh- ter of George Talbot, fourth earl of Shrews- bury ; secondly, Margaret, daughter of Henry Percy, fifth earl of Northumberland. By his first wife, who must have died before 1517, he had no issue. By his second he had Henry Clifford, second earl of Cumberland [q. v.j, his son and successor, Sir Ingram Clifford, knt. (d. s.p.), and four daughters. [Calendar of State Documents for the Reign of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer, vols. ii-ix. ; Froude's History of England, ed. 1870 ; Doyle's Official Baronage, i. 490-1. Much genealogical informa- tion may be got from the inscriptions on the great family portrait-pictures drawn up originally in June 1589, at the order of Margaret, countess of Cumberland, at Westminster. Two copies of the large picture are still extant, one at Hothara (formerly at Skipton Castle), the other and the original at Appleby Castle. See Whitaker, ed. 1878, pp. 339-53, where the inscriptions are printed entire.] T. A. A. CLIFFORD, HENRY DE, second EARL OF CUMBERLAND, sixteenth LORD CLIFFORD, twelfth BARON OF WESTMORELAND, and third BARON VESCI (d. 1570), was the eldest son of Henry de Clifford, first earl of Cumberland [q . v.], by Margaret, daughter of Henry Percy, fifth earl of Northumberland. He succeeded to his father's titles in April 1542. He was made a knight of the Bath at the time of Anne Bo- leyn's coronation, on which occasion he is styled ' Lorde Clyfforde ' (30-31 May 1533) (HALL, 799). In 1537 he married Eleanor Brandon, daughter of Charles Brandon [q. v.], duke of Suffolk The expenses of this alliance seriously impoverished his estate, and obliged him to alienate ' the great manor of Temed- bury, co. Herreford, the oldest estate then re- maining in the family.' On the death of his first wife he retired to the country, and suc- ceeded in increasing his paternal inheritance. Whitaker tells a curious story, from the family manuscripts at Appleby : that he was on one occasion, while in a trance, laid out and covered with a hearse-cloth ready for burial. He slowly recovered, after having for a month or more been fed with milk from a woman's breast. He is said to have been a strong man in later life (WHITAKER, 336-8 ; DUG- DALE, 344-5). After his retirement in 1547 he is said to have visited the court only thrice : at Queen Mary's coronation, on his daughter's marriage, and again soon after Queen Elizabeth's ac- cession (WHITAKER, 338). In July 1561 he and Lord Dacre, his father-in-law, were ac- cused of protecting the popish priests in the north. A similar charge was advanced in Clifford 6 4 Clifford February 1562. He was in 1569 strongly op- posed to the contemplated marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and the Duke of Norfolk, and readily promised support to the great rebellion of that year. In May 1569 he was in London. As the year wore on he gave in his adherence to the scheme for proclaiming Mary queen of England ; but when the critical moment ar- rived he did not act with vigour, but as a ' crazed man, leaving his tenants to the leader- ship of Leonard Dacres ' (FROUDE, vii. 469, ix. 412, 446, 449, 511). According to Dug- dale, he even assisted Lord Scrope in fortifying Carlisle against the rebels (i. 345). He died shortly after 8 Jan. 1569-70,at Brougham Cas- tle, and was buried at Skipton (ib.}, where his skeleton was seen by Whitaker in March 1803. It is described as being that ' of a very tall and slender man.' ' Something of the face might still be distinguished, and a long prominent nose was very conspicuous ' (pp. 430-1). The second Earl of Cumberland is described by his daughter as having ' a good library,' being ' studious in all manner of learning, and much given to alchemy.' His first wife was Eleanor Brandon, mentioned above (d. November 1547) ; his second Anne (d. July 1581), daughter of William, third lord Dacre of Gillesland. By his first wife he had a daughter, Margaret (b. 1540), who on 7 Feb. 1555 married Henry Stanley, afterwards fourth Earl of Derby. This Margaret in 1557 was looked upon as the legal heir to the Eng- lish crown by many Englishmen (Cal. of State Papers, Venetian, ed.Rawdon Brown, p.1707). By his second wife he had two sons, George [q. v.] and Francis, respectively third and fourth earls of Cumberland, and a daughter, Frances (1556-1592), who married Philip, lord Wharton. Dugdale mentions two other daughters, Eleanor and Mary, by his second wife, and two other sons, Henry and Charles, by his first, all of whom died young WHI- TAKER, 343, &c. ; DUGDALE, i. 345). [For general authorities see HENRY DE CLIF- FORD (1493-1542); Froude, ed. 1863. For his various offices see Doyle's Official Baronage, i. 491-2.] T. A. A. CLIFFORD, HENRY, fifth EARL OF CUMBERLAND ( 159 1-1643) , nephew of George Clifford, third earl [q. v.], and only son of Francis, fourth earl, by Grisold, daughter of Thomas Hughes of Uxbridge, and widow of Edward Nevill, lord Bergavenny, was born on 28 Feb. 1591 at Londesborough (DUG- DALE, i. 345). He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 30 Jan. 1606, and took the degree of B. A. on 16 Feb. 1608 (BLISS). He was created knight of the Bath on 3 June 1610, and on 25 July in the same year married Lady Frances Cecil, daughter of Robert, earl of Salisbury (Court and Times of James I, i. 125, 131, 138). In the follow- ing year Clifford's sister Margaret married Sir Thomas Wentworth, and though she died in 1622, the friendship of Clifford and : Wentworth which thus originated proved lasting. When Wentworth refused to pay the forced loan of 1627, Clifford used all his influence to persuade him to submission (Straffbrd Papers, i. 36-8). He took part in the quarrel with Savile, who was fined 100/. in 1630 for a libel against him (Rusn- WORTH, ii. App. 21). Wentworth's influ- ence arranged the match between Clifford's only daughter, Elizabeth, and Richard Boyle, earl of Dungar van, which took place on 5 July 1634 (Lismore Papers, iii. 220 ; Sir afford Papers, i. 112-262). It was also owing to Wentworth's representation of the great and pressing necessities of the Clifford family that the king consented to repay in 1637 a quarter of the debt to them which his father had contracted twenty years earlier (CARTE, Ormonde, v. 227). Clifford was appointed a member of the council of the north on 10 July 1619, was summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Clifford on 17 Feb. 1628, and from 14 March 1636 to 31 Aug. 1639 was joint lord-lieutenant of the counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, and West- moreland. Charged, at the approach of the Scotch war, with the duty of raising troops in his lieutenancy, he wrote to the king as- suring him that 'the same loyal blood of my ancestors runs still in my veins which they were never sparing of when their sove- reigns commanded them to fight for them r (Straffbrd Papers, ii. 214). But though his zeal was great his military knowledge was little, and Strafford, when recommending the king to make him governor of Carlisle on account of his local influence and loyalty, could only say that, ' provided he be fur- nished with an able lieutenant-governor and set into a right posture at first, he would after govern himself, I believe, dexterously enough r (ib. ii. 208, 234). In April 1639, having ob- tained a commission as lieutenant-general from the Earl of Essex, he occupied Carlisle with some local levies, and was reinforced by five hundred of Strafford's Irish army and an experienced commander, Sir Francis Wil- loughby, to act as his counsellor (ib. ii. 317). Three months later the command of Carlisle was taken from him and given to Lord Wil- liam Howard, but he was nevertheless active for the king's cause in the second Scotch war (ib. ii. 365 ; Hardwick Papers, ii. 152). The popular party seems to have had some hope of gaming his support, for he was no- T* The friendship of Clifford and Wentworth did not date from the latter's marriage; Wentworth and Clifford Clifford initiated by them lord-lieutenant of West- moreland (9 Feb. 1642, Parliamentary His- tory, x. 287). But he joined the king at York in May 1642, signed the engagement of 13 June promising to support the king, and promised to raise and pay fifty horse for three months (22 June 1642). At the re- quest of the Yorkshire gentlemen he became colonel of the regiment raised by them, under the title of the Prince of Wales's regiment, for the defence of the king's person. Also at their request the king left him at York as commander-in-chief in that county, with Sir Thomas Glemham to act as his lieutenant (CLARENDON, Eebellion, v. 445). The ap- pointment was unfortunate, for Cumberland had 'very much acceptation and affection from the gentlemen and the common people, but he was not in any degree active or of a martial temper ' (ib.) In the words of a con- temporary news-letter ' the Earl of Cumber- land stands for a cipher, they do what they please without his advice ' ( Terrible News from York). In October 1642 he was be- sieged in York and obliged to appeal to the Earl of Newcastle to march into Yorkshire to relieve him (Newcastle, p. 335). On New- castle's arrival he delivered up his command to him (December 1642, RTTSHWORTH, iii. 2, 78). Cumberland died on 11 Dec. 1643 in one of the prebend's houses in York, and was buried in Skipton Church on 31 Dec. (WHITAKER, History of Craven, p. 252). By his death the earldom of Cumberland in the family of Clifford became extinct, and the estates reverted to the Lady Anne Clifford, wife of Philip, earl of Pembroke. All his children except Elizabeth, countess of Cork, had died young. He is described by the Countess of Pembroke as 'endued with a good natural wit, a tall and proper man, a good courtier, a brave horseman, an excel- lent huntsman, had a good skill in architec- ture and mathematics, and was much fa- voured by King James and King Charles.' He was the author of: 1. ' The Declaration of the Right Honourable Henry, Earl of Cumberland, together with divers Gentle- men of the County of York,' York, 1642. 2. ' Poetical Translations of some Psalms and the Song of Solomon, by that noble and religious soul, now sainted in heaven, Henry, E. of Cumberland,' a manuscript bequeathed by Dr. Rawlinson to the Bodleian, which has secured its writer a place in Dr. Bliss's edition of Wood's ' Athene ' (iii. 82). Several let- ters by him are printed in the ' Strafford Papers ' and the ' Fairfax Correspondence.' [Doyle's Official Baronage ; Domestic State 'apers ; Clarendon's Eebellion ; Life of the )uke of Newcastle, ed. 1886 ; Whitaker's History VOL. xi. of Craven ; Strafford Letters ; Carte's Ormonde, ed. 1851 ; and the other works above referred to.] C. H. F. CLIFFORD, HENRY (1768-1813), legal writer, was the second son of the Hon. Thomas Clifford of Tixall, Staffordshire (brother to Hugh, fourth lord Clifford), by his wife Barbara, youngest daughter and co- heiress of James, fifth lord Aston, and niece to Thomas and Edward, dukes of Norfolk, and to George, earl of Shrewsbury. He was born on 2 March 1768 ; studied at Liege with his eldest brother Thomas, created a baronet in 1815 ; and on his return to England ap- plied himself to the law, and soon after the passing of the Catholic Act of 1792 was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn (GlLLOW, Bibl. Diet, of the English Catholics, i. 508). He was very learned in the law and a warm advocate of the liberties of the people. His personal exertions in the memorable ' O. P.' contest at Covent Garden Theatre brought him prominently before the public (EVANS, Cat. of Engraved Portraits, No. 14320). He was a sincere catholic, and it was chiefly owing to his efforts that a catholic chapel was opened at Chelsea in 1812. He died at Bath on 22 April 1813. Three months previously he had married Anne Teresa, youngest daughter of Edward Ferrers of Baddesley-Clinton, Warwickshire. The following works were written by or have reference to him : 1 . ' Reflections on the Appointment of a Catholic Bishop [Douglass] to the London District, in a letter to the Catholic Laity of the said District,' Lond. 1790, 8vo. 2. < A Report of the Two Cases of Controverted Elections of the Borough of Southwark, &c. ; to which are added an ac- count of the two subsequent cases of the city of Canterbury, and an appendix on the right of the returning officer to administer the oath of supremacy to Catholics,' Lond. 1797 and 1802, 8vo. A copy in the British Museum contains a manuscript letter from the author to Francis Hargrave. 3. ' Pro- ceedings in the House of Lords in the Case of Benjamin Flower, printer, for a supposed Libel on the Bishop of Landaff ; to which are added the arguments in the King's Bench on a motion for an Habeas Corpus,' Lond. 1800, 8vo (CLARKE, Bibl. Zejw?re,pp.l76, 314). 4. ' Observations on the Doctrines advanced during the late Elections, in a letter to Samuel Whitbread, Esq.,' 1807, 8vo (WATT, Bibl. Brit.} 5. ' Clifford for ever ! O. P., and no P. B. The trial between H. Clifford, plaintiff, and J. Brandon, defendant, for an assault and false imprisonment as the plain- tiff was quitting Covent Garden Theatre, 31 Oct. 1809,' Lond. [1809], 8vo. 6. ' The Clifford 66 Clifford whole Proceedings on Trial of an Action brought by Henry Clifford, Esq., against Mr. James Brandon for an assault and false im- prisonment on 5 Dec. 1809,' Lond. 1809, 8vo. 7. 'A Poetical Epistle to Henry Clifford, Esq., on the late Disturbances in Covent Garden Theatre,' Edinburgh, 1810, 8vo. [Authorities cited above.] T. C. CLIFFORD, SIR HENRY HUGH (1826- 1883), major-general, third son of Hugh Charles Clifford [q. v.], seventh baron Clifford, who died in 1858, by his marriage with Mary Lucy, only daughter of Thomas Weld of Lul- worth Castle, Dorsetshire, was born 12 Sept. 1826, and received his first commission as a second lieutenant in the rifle brigade 7 Aug. 1846. He served in South Africa against the Gaikas under Sandili in the following year, and then against the Boers, until their sub- mission at Weinberg on the Vaal river. On the outbreak of another Kaffir war in 1852 he again went to Africa, where he remained until November 1853. He also took part in the Crimean war, where he received the ap- pointment of aide-de-camp to Sir George Brown, commanding the light division, and was present at Alma and Inkerman, and for his gallantry in the latter battle was deco- rated with the Victoria cross. In May 1855 he was appointed deputy assistant quarter- master-general, and remaining in the Crimea until the conclusion of the war was then promoted to the rank of brevet major, and received the medal and clasps for Alma, In- kerman, and Sebastopol, and from foreign governments the Legion of Honour and the 5th class of the Medjidie. On the outbreak of hostilities in China he sailed thither, and as assistant quartermaster-general was present at the operations between December 1857 and January 1858 which resulted in the cap- ture of Canton. For his services he received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel, with the China medal and Canton clasp. On his return to England he commenced a long term of service on the staff; he was assistant quarter- master-general at Aldershot 1860-4, held a similar appointment at headquarters 1865- 1868, was aide-de-camp to the commander-in- chief 1870-3, and assistant adjutant-general at headquarters 1873-5. Early in 1879 Clif- ford was selected to proceed to South Africa to take charge of the communications of Lord Chelmsford between Durban and the forces in the field. His task was no light one, for great confusion prevailed at Durban, the port of disembarkation ; but by his great experience in staff duties, his knowledge of the requirements of the supply of an army, and, above all, by his familiarity with Kaffir warfare and his indefatigable nature, he very soon reduced everything to order, and his la- i bours were fully acknowledged by Sir Garnet i Wolseley. He was gazetted a C.B. 2 June 1869, and a K.C.M.G. 19 Dec. 1879, and was granted a pension of 100Z. for distinguished i services 7 Oct. 1874. He was major-general of the eastern district of England from April to September 1882. He died at Ugbrooke, near Chudleigh, Devonshire, 12 April 1883. He married, 21 March 1857, Josephine Eliza- beth, only child of Joseph Anstice of Madeley Wood, Shropshire, professor at King's College, London. [Low's Soldiers of the Victorian Age (1880), i. 208-21 ; Graphic, 12 April 1879, p. 372, with portrait.] G. C. B. CLIFFORD, HUGH CHARLES, seventh LORD CLIFFORD OF CHTTDLEIGH (1790-1858), eldest son of Charles, sixth lord, by a daughter of Henry Arundell of Wardour, was born in 1790. He was educated at the Roman catholic college of Stonyhurst, and in 1814 attended Cardinal Consalvi to the congress of Vienna. He served as a volunteer through a large por- tion of the Peninsular campaigns. On suc- ceeding to his father's estates in 1831 he took his seat in the House of Lords. He gave his general support to the ministry of Lord Grey and afterwards of Lord Melbourne, but seldom took part in the debates except on questions connected with Roman Catholicism. In his later years he lived chiefly in Italy, where he had a residence in the neighbourhood of Tivoli. He died at Rome 28 Feb. 1858 of the effects of a wound in the ankle. By his wife, Mary, only daughter of Thomas (afterwards Car- dinal) Weld of Lulworth Castle, Dorsetshire, he left two daughters and four sons. The eldest son, Charles Hugh, became eighth lord ; the third was Sir Henry Hugh [q. v.] He was the author of a 'Letter to Edmund Burke on the Repeal of the Corn Laws,' 1824 ; ' Letters addressed to Lord Alvanley on his pamphlet, " The State of Ireland con- sidered," ' 1841 ; and ' Letters to the Editor of the " Morning Chronicle " on the East Indian Question : ' and several published speeches. [Gent. Mag. 3rd series (1858), iv. 551-2; Brit, Mus. Cat.] T. F. H. CLIFFORD, JAMES (1622-1698), di- vine and musician, son of Edward Clifford, a cook, was born at Oxford, in the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, where he was bap- tised on 2 May 1622. He was a chorister at Magdalen College from 1632 to 1642, and was educated in the choir school. He took no degree at Oxford, and the date of his Clifford Clifford ordination is not known. On 1 July 1661 he was appointed tenth minor canon of St. Paul's Cathedral, in 1675 he became sixth minor canon, on 30 May 1682 was admitted senior cardinal, and on 24 Nov. of the same year sacrist. He was for some years curate of St. Gregory by St. Paul's, a post he seems to have resigned before September 1695, in which month he was succeeded by Charles Green. He was also chaplain to the Society of Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street. In 1663 Clifford published the first edition of the work hy which he is best known, ' Divine Services and Anthems, usually sung in the Cathedrals and Collegiate Choires in the Church of Eng- land.' This is a collection of words of anthems, and was originally intended only for use at St. Paul's, but in 1664 Clifford pub- lished a second edition, with large additions, so as to apply to ' all choires in England and Ireland.' The work contains the words of 393 anthems, besides tunes of chants, &c., * Brief Directions for the understanding of that part of the Divine Service performed by the Organ in St. Paul's Cathedral on Sun- dayes ; a ' Scale or Basis of Musick,' by Dr. Ralph Winterton, regius professor of me- dicine at Cambridge, and a 'Psalm of Thanks- giving,' sung by the children of Christ's Hos- pital, set to music by Thomas Brewer (b. 1611) [